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However, deciphering the redox environment encountered by intracellular pathogens in the mammalian cytosol is challenging, and that environment remains poorly understood. In this study, we assessed the contributions of the two redox-responsive, Spx-family transcriptional regulators to the virulence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            , a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen. Spx-family proteins are highly conserved in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Firmicutes<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            genome contains two paralogues,\n            <jats:italic>spxA1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>spxA2<\/jats:italic>\n            . Here, we demonstrate that\n            <jats:italic>spxA1<\/jats:italic>\n            , but not\n            <jats:italic>spxA2<\/jats:italic>\n            , is required for the oxidative stress response and pathogenesis. SpxA1 function appeared to be conserved with the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:named-content>\n            homologue, and resistance to oxidative stress required the canonical CXXC redox-sensing motif. Remarkably,\n            <jats:italic>spxA1<\/jats:italic>\n            was essential for aerobic growth, demonstrating that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            SpxA1 likely regulates a distinct set of genes. Although the \u0394\n            <jats:italic>spxA1<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant did not grow in the presence of oxygen in the laboratory, it was able to replicate in macrophages and colonize the spleens, but not the livers, of infected mice. These data suggest that the redox state of bacteria during infection differs significantly from that of bacteria growing\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . Further, the host cell cytosol may resemble an anaerobic environment, with tissue-specific variations in redox stress and oxygen concentration.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00978-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,14]],"date-time":"2017-02-14T01:35:14Z","timestamp":1487036114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Redox-Responsive Transcription Factor Is Critical for Pathogenesis and Aerobic Growth of Listeria monocytogenes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Aaron T.","family":"Whiteley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Group in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany R.","family":"Ruhland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauna B.","family":"Edrozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Reniere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.3.14.2556311"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Oxidative stress in bacteria and protein damage by reactive oxygen species","volume":"3","author":"Cabiscol E","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cabiscol E Tamarit J Ros J . 2000. 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