{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:37:01Z","timestamp":1790638621723,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cholix toxin (ChxA) is a recently discovered exotoxin in<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>which has been characterized as a third member of the eukaryotic elongation factor 2-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins, in addition to exotoxin A of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>and diphtheria toxin of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Corynebacterium diphtheriae<\/jats:named-content>. These toxins consist of three characteristic domains for receptor binding, translocation, and catalysis. However, there is little information about the prevalence of<jats:italic>chxA<\/jats:italic>and its genetic variations and pathogenic mechanisms. In this study, we screened the<jats:italic>chxA<\/jats:italic>gene in a large number (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 765) of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>strains and observed its presence exclusively in non-O1\/non-O139 strains (27.0%; 53 of 196) and not in O1 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 485) or O139 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 84). Sequencing of these 53<jats:italic>chxA<\/jats:italic>genes generated 29 subtypes which were grouped into three clusters designated<jats:italic>chxA<\/jats:italic>I,<jats:italic>chxA<\/jats:italic>II, and<jats:italic>chxA<\/jats:italic>III.<jats:italic>chxA<\/jats:italic>I belongs to the prototype, while<jats:italic>chxA<\/jats:italic>II and<jats:italic>chxA<\/jats:italic>III are newly discovered variants. ChxA II and ChxA III had unique receptor binding and catalytic domains, respectively, in comparison to ChxA I. Recombinant ChxA I (rChxA I) and rChxA II but not rChxA III showed variable cytotoxic effects on different eukaryotic cells. Although rChxA II was more lethal to mice than rChxA I when injected intravenously, no enterotoxicity of any rChxA was observed in a rabbit ileal loop test. Hepatocytes showed coagulation necrosis in rChxA I- or rChxA II-treated mice, seemingly the major target for ChxA. The present study illustrates the potential of ChxA as an important virulence factor in non-O1\/non-O139<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>, which may be associated with extraintestinal infections rather than enterotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00982-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]],"date-time":"2012-12-11T04:43:06Z","timestamp":1355200986000},"page":"531-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Novel Cholix Toxin Variants, ADP-Ribosylating Toxins in Vibrio cholerae Non-O1\/Non-O139 Strains, and Their Pathogenicity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Sharda Prasad","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Prevention of Epidemics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Asakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Prevention of Epidemics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nityananda","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Prevention of Epidemics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sucharit Basu","family":"Neogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Prevention of Epidemics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Hinenoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Prevention of Epidemics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossain M.","family":"Golbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoji","family":"Yamate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiji","family":"Tada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Ramamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Prevention of Epidemics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"WHO. 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