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Studies of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. canis<\/jats:named-content>\n            outbreaks in kennel facilities indicated that infected dogs displaying clinical signs did not present hematological alterations. A virulent\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. canis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain isolated from those outbreaks readily replicated in different organs of mice for a protracted period. However, the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-12 in serum were close to background levels. Furthermore,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. canis<\/jats:named-content>\n            induced lower levels of gamma interferon, less inflammation of the spleen, and a reduced number of granulomas in the liver in mice than did\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. abortus<\/jats:named-content>\n            . When the interaction of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. canis<\/jats:named-content>\n            with cells was studied\n            <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            , two patterns were observed, a predominant scattered cell-associated pattern of nonviable bacteria and an infrequent intracellular replicative pattern of viable bacteria in a perinuclear location. The second pattern, responsible for the increase in intracellular multiplication, was dependent on the type IV secretion system VirB and was seen only if the inoculum used for cell infections was in early exponential phase. Intracellular replicative\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. canis<\/jats:named-content>\n            followed an intracellular trafficking route undistinguishable from that of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. abortus<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Although\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. canis<\/jats:named-content>\n            induces a lower proinflammatory response and has a stealthier replication cycle, it still displays the pathogenic properties of the genus and the ability to persist in infected organs based on the ability to multiply intracellularly.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00995-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]],"date-time":"2015-10-06T00:11:36Z","timestamp":1444090296000},"page":"4861-4870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Brucella canis Is an Intracellular Pathogen That Induces a Lower Proinflammatory Response than Smooth Zoonotic Counterparts"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Chac\u00f3n-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Tropicales, 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