{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:16:41Z","timestamp":1791400601297,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have previously demonstrated that phagocytosed<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>induces activation programs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that differ qualitatively and quantitatively from those evoked by equivalent lipoprotein-rich lysates. Here we report that ingested<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>induces significantly greater transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes than do lysates and that live<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, but not<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>lysate, is avidly internalized by monocytes, where the bacteria are completely degraded within phagolysosomes. In the course of these experiments, we discovered that live<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>also induced a dose-dependent decrease in monocytes but not a decrease in dendritic cells or T cells and that the monocyte population displayed morphological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Particularly noteworthy was the finding that apoptotic changes occurred predominantly in monocytes that had internalized spirochetes. Abrogation of phagocytosis with cytochalasin D prevented the death response. Heat-killed<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, which was internalized as well as live organisms, induced a similar degree of apoptosis of monocytes but markedly less cytokine production. Surprisingly, opsonophagocytosis of<jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>did not elicit a discernible cell death response. Our combined results demonstrate that<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>confined to phagolysosomes is a potent inducer of cytosolic signals that result in (i) production of NF-\u03baB-dependent cytokines, (ii) assembly of the inflammasome and activation of caspase-1, and (iii) induction of programmed cell death. We propose that inflammation and apoptosis represent mutually reinforcing components of the immunologic arsenal that the host mobilizes to defend itself against infection with Lyme disease spirochetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01039-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,16]],"date-time":"2007-10-16T00:34:25Z","timestamp":1192494865000},"page":"56-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Phagocytosis of<i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>, the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Potentiates Innate Immune Activation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Monocytes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Adriana R.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meagan W.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carson J.","family":"La Vake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian H.","family":"Eggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Radolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine"},{"name":"Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3715"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1126903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0506358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5080","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.11.5080","volume":"150","year":"1993","unstructured":"Albina, J. E., S. Cui, R. B. Mateo, and J. S. Reichner. 1993. Nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis in murine peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol.150:5080-5085.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09680519010070041101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5428.736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.13.3325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"454","volume":"21","year":"1994","unstructured":"Asch, E. S., D. I. Bujak, M. Weiss, M. G. Peterson, and A. Weinstein. 1994. Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome. J. Rheumatol.21:454-461.","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1287-1297.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00469-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.1.657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00108-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(00)01900-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5428.732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5142-5150.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.1.480","volume":"162","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brown, S. B., and J. Savill. 1999. Phagocytosis triggers macrophage release of Fas ligand and induces apoptosis of bystander leukocytes. J. Immunol.162:480-485.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00273.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.24.8004-8008.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.8.3534","volume":"157","year":"1996","unstructured":"Busch, D. H., C. Jassoy, U. Brinckmann, H. Girschick, and H. I. Huppertz. 1996. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in patients with Lyme arthritis. J. Immunol.157:3534-3541.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(94)90018-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00965.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35008607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00110-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.5556-5564.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.15.7973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.11.7930"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2003.00048.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.3.1109-1113.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:APPT.0000031448.64969.fa"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00678-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00319.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.12.5334-5337.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02758.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05066.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.8.1123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00467.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.1907-1916.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/37551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01326-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504271103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.456-462.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.140-147.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.6.3737-3743.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19990601)36:2<117::AID-CYTO5>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.8.4294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-005-0239-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.6.3172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00717.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.9.1015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.5.2382","volume":"163","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hirschfeld, M., C. J. Kirschning, R. Schwandner, H. Wesche, J. H. Weis, R. M. Wooten, and J. J. Weis. 1999. Inflammatory signaling by Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2. J. Immunol.163:2382-2386.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00451.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00356.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(03)00032-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.2.671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1833375100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.3989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240470406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.2.452-459.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(97)00138-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.76.060605.122847"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00355.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.5.2409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","first-page":"3","volume":"146","year":"1995","unstructured":"Majno, G., and I. Joris. 1995. Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol.146:3-15.","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1450fje"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403215101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01480-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.7.2867-2872.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01666-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(95)99915-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-11-3639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405027200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250476497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.12.6358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","first-page":"285","year":"2006","unstructured":"Radolf, J. D., and S. A. Lukehart. 2006. Immunology of syphilis, p. 285-322. In J. D. Radolf and S. A. Lukehart (ed.), Pathogenic treponemes: cellular and molecular biology. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Pathogenic treponemes: cellular and molecular biology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","first-page":"897","volume":"5","year":"2004","unstructured":"Riedl, S. J., and Y. Shi. 2004. Molecular mechanisms of caspase regulation during apoptosis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.5:897-907.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.3320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","first-page":"949","volume":"12","year":"2005","unstructured":"Salazar, J. C., C. D. Pope, M. W. Moore, J. Pope, T. G. Kiely, and J. D. Radolf. 2005. Lipoprotein-dependent and -independent immune responses to spirochetal infection. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.12:949-958.","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.5.2660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","first-page":"253","volume":"47","year":"1995","unstructured":"Samuels, D. S. 1995. Electrotransformation of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Electrotransformation protocols for microorganisms. Methods Mol. Biol.47:253-259.","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.4.1427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm906"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5455","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.11.5455","volume":"160","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sellati, T. J., D. A. Bouis, R. L. Kitchens, R. P. Darveau, J. Pugin, R. J. Ulevitch, S. C. Gangloff, S. M. Goyert, M. V. Norgard, and J. D. Radolf. 1998. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides activate monocytic cells via a CD14-dependent pathway distinct from that used by lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol.160:5455-5464.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.6.4131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200611056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01506-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.103001.114744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/44605"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(00)00233-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2000.d01-75.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.1.348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.11.5485","volume":"160","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wooten, R. M., T. B. Morrison, J. H. Weis, S. D. Wright, R. Thieringer, and J. J. Weis. 1998. The role of CD14 in signaling mediated by outer membrane lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Immunol.160:5485-5492.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00202-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.4.613"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210727200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/358167a0"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01039-07","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01039-07","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T12:12:16Z","timestamp":1684066336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.01039-07"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01039-07"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01039-07","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-07-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-10-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}