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These blood-feeding dipteran insects deposit saliva at the feeding site that enables the blood-feeding process. Here we demonstrate that tsetse fly saliva also accelerates the onset of a<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>infection. This effect was associated with a reduced inflammatory reaction at the site of infection initiation (reflected by a decrease of interleukin-6 [IL-6] and IL-12 mRNA) as well as lower serum concentrations of the trypanocidal cytokine tumor necrosis factor. Variant-specific surface glycoprotein-specific antibody isotypes immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG2a, implicated in trypanosome clearance, were not suppressed. We propose that tsetse fly saliva accelerates the onset of trypanosome infection by inhibiting local and systemic inflammatory responses involved in parasite control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01046-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,20]],"date-time":"2006-10-20T18:57:47Z","timestamp":1161370667000},"page":"6324-6330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Tsetse Fly Saliva Accelerates the Onset of<i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i>Infection in a Mouse Model Associated with a Reduced Host Inflammatory Response"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Guy","family":"Caljon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Den Abbeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Entomology, Prins Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoi\u0302t","family":"Stijlemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Coosemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Entomology, Prins Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Magez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"956","volume":"2","year":"1977","unstructured":"Assoku, R. 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