{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T03:17:53Z","timestamp":1792984673182,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen and the etiologic agent of blinding trachoma. Intracellular signaling pathways leading to host cell inflammation and innate immunity to\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>\n            include those mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 1 (Nod1) protein. In epithelial cells, TLR-dependent signaling contributes to local immune responses via induction of inflammatory mediators. There is evidence that TLR3, TLR4, and, particularly, TLR2 are critical for\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>\n            -mediated host cell activation and pathology. Despite the importance of TLR2, major chlamydial TLR2 antigens have not been identified so far. Numerous bacterial porins are known TLR2 agonists, i.e., porins from\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Neisseriae<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which share structural and functional similarities with the chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP), a strong antigen candidate for a potential vaccine against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . We describe the ability of purified, detergent-free MOMP to signal via TLR2\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            in TLR-overexpressing cells and TLR2-competent human reproductive tract epithelial cell lines. Using MOMP formed in pure protein micelles (proteosomes), we show the induction of TLR2-dependent interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6 secretion\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            , the involvement of TLR1 as a TLR2 coreceptor, and the activation of both NF-\u03baB and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase intracellular pathways. Interestingly, MOMP proteosomes induce cytokine secretion in endocervical epithelial cells (End\/E6E7) but not in urethral epithelial cells (THUECs). A detailed understanding of the TLR2-dependent molecular mechanisms that characterize the effect of MOMP proteosomes on host cells may provide new insights for its successful development as an immunotherapeutic target against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01062-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]],"date-time":"2012-11-07T07:52:36Z","timestamp":1352274756000},"page":"303-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Activity of Native Major Outer Membrane Protein Proteosomes of Chlamydia trachomatis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Massari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deana N.","family":"Toussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia F.","family":"Tifrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, University of California, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"de la Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, University of California, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01845-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/90609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.16.10689"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35074106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.161293498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35099560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M806633200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.4.2373"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00681-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.2.1204-1209.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00236-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"362","article-title":"Chlamydia screening among sexually active young female enrollees of health plans\u2014United States, 2000\u20132007","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. 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