{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:55:19Z","timestamp":1791042919728,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Control of bacterial colonization at mucosal surfaces depends on rapid activation of the innate immune system. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) directs the development, maturation, and function of a population of cells positive for NK1.1, such as natural killer (NK) cells, which are critical components of the innate immune defense against several viral and bacterial pathogens. Using IL-15-deficient mice, in vivo depletion of NK1.1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells from wild-type mice, and in vivo overexpression of IL-15 from a recombinant adenovirus, we tested the role of IL-15 and NK1.1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells in innate protection of the murine gut and reticuloendothelial system from<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>serovar Typhimurium infection. IL-15 and the NK1.1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cell population provided innate protection from serovar Typhimurium in mice at the enteric mucosae and in the reticuloendothelial system during murine typhoid. Interestingly, serovar Typhimurium extensively colonized the gut of IL-15<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice and wild-type C57BL\/6 mice depleted of NK1.1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells prior to infection, even though the animals were not pretreated with antibiotics to reduce colonization resistance and there was an absence of overt inflammation in the colon and cecum. Enhanced dissemination of<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>from the gut of mice depleted of NK1.1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells correlated with a localized disruption of IL-17 in the colon. These data suggest a relationship between the gut ecosystem and the innate mucosal immune system, which may be linked via IL-15 and NK1.1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01066-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,18]],"date-time":"2008-11-18T01:55:54Z","timestamp":1226973354000},"page":"214-222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Interleukin-15 and NK1.1<sup>+<\/sup>Cells Provide Innate Protection against Acute<i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>Serovar Typhimurium Infection in the Gut and in Systemic Tissues"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Ashkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena F.","family":"Verdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian K.","family":"Coombes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2839-2858.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12338641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.4.1395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.6.3219-3227.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.11.7161-7169.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.09.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.2.735","volume":"156","year":"1996","unstructured":"Doherty, T. M., R. A. Seder, and A. Sher. 1996. Induction and regulation of IL-15 expression in murine macrophages. J. Immunol.156:735-741.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Surveillance of enteric pathogens in Europe and beyond: international surveillance network for the enteric infections\u2014Salmonella 2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01036-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.2.795-809.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00313.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1106.041017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0805.010267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.66.3.382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.6.2610","volume":"158","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jonuleit, H., K. Wiedemann, G. Muller, J. Degwert, U. Hoppe, J. Knop, and A. H. Enk. 1997. Induction of IL-15 messenger RNA and protein in human blood-derived dendritic cells: a role for IL-15 in attraction of T cells. J. Immunol.158:2610-2615.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.5.771"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.8.4450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"1789","volume":"91","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kirman, I., and O. H. Nielsen. 1996. Increased numbers of interleukin-15-expressing cells in active ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol.91:1789-1794.","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2006.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.7.3608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80664-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/381270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02060.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.4.2057","volume":"163","year":"1999","unstructured":"Naiki, Y., H. Nishimura, T. Kawano, Y. Tanaka, S. Itohara, M. Taniguchi, and Y. Yoshikai. 1999. Regulatory role of peritoneal NK1.1+ alpha beta T cells in IL-12 production during Salmonella infection. J. Immunol.163:2057-2063.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Treating infectious diseases in a microbial world: report on two workshops on novel antimicrobial therapeutics. 2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.2.1226-1229.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"103","volume":"143","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ogawa, T., Y. Asai, R. Tamai, Y. Makimura, H. Sakamoto, S. Hashikawa, and K. Yasuda. 2006. Natural killer cell activities of synbiotic Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei in conjunction with dextran. Clin. Exp. Immunol.143:103-109.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70430-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00319-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.946"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604054103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200103)31:3<757::AID-IMMU757>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.076000"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01066-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01066-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T03:54:27Z","timestamp":1684641267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.01066-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01066-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01066-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-08-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-10-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}