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One of these genes,<jats:italic>inlH<\/jats:italic>, is a \u03c3<jats:sup>B<\/jats:sup>-dependent virulence gene of unknown function. Previously,<jats:italic>inlH<\/jats:italic>was proposed to be coexpressed with two adjacent internalin genes,<jats:italic>inlG<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>inlE<\/jats:italic>. Using tiling arrays, we showed that<jats:italic>inlH<\/jats:italic>expression is monocistronic and specifically induced in stationary phase as well as in the intestinal lumen of mice, independent of<jats:italic>inlG<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>inlE<\/jats:italic>expression. Consistent with<jats:italic>inlH<\/jats:italic>\u03c3<jats:sup>B<\/jats:sup>-dependent regulation, surface expression of the InlH protein is induced when bacteria are subjected to thermal, acidic, osmotic, or oxidative stress. Disruption of<jats:italic>inlH<\/jats:italic>increases the amount of the invasion protein InlA without changing<jats:italic>inlA<\/jats:italic>transcript level, suggesting that there is a link between<jats:italic>inlH<\/jats:italic>expression and<jats:italic>inlA<\/jats:italic>posttranscriptional regulation. However, in contrast to InlA, InlH does not contribute to bacterial invasion of cultured cells<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>or of intestinal cells<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Strikingly, the reduced virulence of<jats:italic>inlH<\/jats:italic>-deficient<jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>strains is accompanied by enhanced production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in infected tissues during the systemic phase of murine listeriosis but not by enhanced production of any other inflammatory cytokine tested. Since InlH does not modulate IL-6 secretion in macrophages at least<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, it may play a role in other immune cells or contribute to a pathway that modulates survival or activation of IL-6-secreting cells. These results strongly suggest that InlH is a stress-induced surface protein that facilitates pathogen survival in tissues by tempering the inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01096-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,23]],"date-time":"2010-02-23T03:11:23Z","timestamp":1266894683000},"page":"1979-1989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["The Stress-Induced Virulence Protein InlH Controls Interleukin-6 Production during Murine Listeriosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Personnic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unite\u0301 des Interactions Bacte\u0301ries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serawit","family":"Bruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unite\u0301 des Interactions Bacte\u0301ries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Anne","family":"Nahori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unite\u0301 des Interactions Bacte\u0301ries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Toledo-Arana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unite\u0301 des Interactions Bacte\u0301ries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgos","family":"Nikitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Groupe Microorganismes et barrie\u0300re de l'ho\u0302te, Paris F-75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Lecuit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Groupe Microorganismes et barrie\u0300re de l'ho\u0302te, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Paris Descartes, Service des Maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Ho\u0302pital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris F-75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dussurget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unite\u0301 des Interactions Bacte\u0301ries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Cossart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unite\u0301 des Interactions Bacte\u0301ries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He\u0301le\u0300ne","family":"Bierne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unite\u0301 des Interactions Bacte\u0301ries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris F-75015, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.2.459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"L1057","volume":"277","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ali, M. 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