{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:03:41Z","timestamp":1760267021575},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Edema factor (EF) is a component of an anthrax toxin that functions as an adenylate cyclase. Numerous monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been reported for the other<jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>toxin components, but relatively few to EF have been studied. We report the generation of six murine hybridoma lines producing two IgM and four IgG1 MAbs to EF. Of the six MAbs, only one IgM neutralized EF, as assayed by an increase in cyclic AMP (cAMP) production by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Analysis of the variable gene elements revealed that the single neutralizing MAb had a different binding site than the others. There was no competition between the neutralizing IgM and the nonneutralizing IgG MAbs indicative of different specificity. MAb-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected EF in liver lysates from mice infected with<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>Sterne 34F2. Administration of the neutralizing IgM MAb to A\/JCr mice lethally infected with<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>strain Sterne had no significant effect on median time to death, but mice treated with the MAb were more likely to survive infection. Combining the neutralizing IgM to EF with a subprotective dose of a neutralizing MAb to protective antigen (PA) prolonged mean time to death of infected mice, suggesting that neutralization of EF and PA could produce synergistic beneficial effects. In summary, the results from our study and literature observations suggest that the majority of Abs to EF are nonneutralizing, but the toxin has some epitopes that can be targeted by the humoral response to generate useful Abs that may contribute to defense against anthrax.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01101-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,13]],"date-time":"2010-04-13T03:30:30Z","timestamp":1271129430000},"page":"2890-2898","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody to Edema Toxin and Its Effect on Murine Anthrax"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Winterroth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio S.","family":"Nakouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Dadachova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology"},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology"},{"name":"Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6313-6317.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(92)90209-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906581106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.140655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2.6.1075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2008.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(80)90146-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61218-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01781-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2900130403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(01)00049-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.17.2236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"33","volume":"14","year":"2005","unstructured":"Laffly, E., and R. Sodoyer. 2005. Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies, 30 years after. Hum. Antibodies14:33-55.","journal-title":"Hum. Antibodies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.8.2454"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.10.3162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6547-6551.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.12.5171-5175.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"1","volume":"84","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lucisano Valim, Y. M., and P. J. Lachmann. 1991. The effect of antibody isotype and antigenic epitope density on the complement-fixing activity of immune complexes: a systematic study using chimaeric anti-NIP antibodies with human Fc regions. Clin. Exp. Immunol.84:1-8.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)69374-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0602-597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.3.1500-1504.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00253.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.3.1079-1088.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830180221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01528-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.4.2419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"68","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rivera, J., A. Nakouzi, N. Abboud, E. Revskaya, R. J. Collier, E. Dadachova, and A. Casadevall. 2006. A monoclonal antibody to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen defines a neutralizing epitope in domain one, abstr. 209, p. 68. Abstr. 4th Annu. ASM Biodef. Emerg. Dis. Meet. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.","journal-title":"A monoclonal antibody to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen defines a neutralizing epitope in domain one"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00150-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01269-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/286676a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199907)29:07<2082::AID-IMMU2082>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.3042-3045.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198812000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"8","volume":"36","year":"1992","unstructured":"Solin, M. L., and M. Kaartinen. 1992. Allelic polymorphism of mouse IgH-J locus, which encodes immunoglobulin heavy chain joining (JH) segments. Immunogenetics36:8.","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00529-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.7.3621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00321-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"4","volume":"16","year":"1986","unstructured":"Vieira, P., and K. Rajewsky. 1986. The bulk of endogenously produced IgG2a is eliminated from the serum of adult C57BL\/6 mice with a half-life of 6-8 days. Eur. J. Immunol.16:4.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.3.1541","volume":"162","year":"1999","unstructured":"Whitcomb, E. A., B. B. Haines, A. P. Parmelee, A. M. Pearlman, and P. H. Brodeur. 1999. Germline structure and differential utilization of Igha and Ighb VH10 genes. J. Immunol.162:1541-1550.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01101-09","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01101-09","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T19:43:45Z","timestamp":1685562225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.01101-09"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01101-09"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01101-09","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-09-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-03-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}