{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:20:05Z","timestamp":1789809605581,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Otitis media (OM) (a middle ear infection) is a common childhood illness that can leave some children with permanent hearing loss. OM can arise following infection with a variety of different pathogens, including a coinfection with influenza A virus (IAV) and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            (the pneumococcus). We and others have demonstrated that coinfection with IAV facilitates the replication of pneumococci in the middle ear. Specifically, we used a mouse model of OM to show that IAV facilitates the outgrowth of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            in the middle ear by inducing middle ear inflammation. Here, we seek to understand how the host inflammatory response facilitates bacterial outgrowth in the middle ear. Using B cell-deficient infant mice, we show that antibodies play a crucial role in facilitating pneumococcal replication. We subsequently show that this is due to antibody-dependent neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in the middle ear, which, instead of clearing the infection, allows the bacteria to replicate. We further demonstrate the importance of these NETs as a potential therapeutic target through the transtympanic administration of a DNase, which effectively reduces the bacterial load in the middle ear. Taken together, these data provide novel insight into how pneumococci are able to replicate in the middle ear cavity and induce disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01104-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T03:14:35Z","timestamp":1383621275000},"page":"364-370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Antibodies Mediate Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Middle Ear and Facilitate Secondary Pneumococcal Otitis Media"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Kirsty R.","family":"Short","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"von K\u00f6ckritz-Blickwede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen D.","family":"Langereis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keng Yih","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma R.","family":"Job","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Armitage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Hatcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohtaro","family":"Fujihashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Reading","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Hermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odilia L.","family":"Wijburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri A.","family":"Diavatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"S44","article-title":"Otitis media: viruses, bacteria, biofilms and vaccines","volume":"191","author":"Massa HM","year":"2010","unstructured":"MassaHMCrippsAWLehmannD. 2010. 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