{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:59:12Z","timestamp":1791295152083,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bordetella bronchiseptica<\/jats:named-content>is pervasive in swine populations and plays multiple roles in respiratory disease. Most studies addressing virulence factors of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. bronchiseptica<\/jats:named-content>utilize isolates derived from hosts other than pigs in conjunction with rodent infection models. Based on previous<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>mouse studies, we hypothesized that the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. bronchiseptica<\/jats:named-content>type III secretion system (T3SS) would be required for maximal disease severity and persistence in the swine lower respiratory tract. To examine the contribution of the T3SS to the pathogenesis of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. bronchiseptica<\/jats:named-content>in swine, we compared the abilities of a virulent swine isolate and an isogenic T3SS mutant to colonize, cause disease, and be transmitted from host to host. We found that the T3SS is required for maximal persistence throughout the lower swine respiratory tract and contributed significantly to the development of nasal lesions and pneumonia. However, the T3SS mutant and the wild-type parent are equally capable of transmission among swine by both direct and indirect routes, demonstrating that transmission can occur even with attenuated disease. Our data further suggest that the T3SS skews the adaptive immune response in swine by hindering the development of serum anti-<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bordetella<\/jats:named-content>antibody levels and inducing an interleukin-10 (IL-10) cell-mediated response, likely contributing to the persistence of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. bronchiseptica<\/jats:named-content>in the respiratory tract. Overall, our results demonstrate that the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bordetella<\/jats:named-content>T3SS is required for maximal persistence and disease severity in pigs, but not for transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01115-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,24]],"date-time":"2013-12-24T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1387859050000},"page":"1092-1103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Bordetella bronchiseptica Type III Secretion System Is Required for Persistence and Disease Severity but Not Transmission in Swine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Tracy L.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Brockmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal L.","family":"Loving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen B.","family":"Register","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Marcus E.","family":"Kehrli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Shore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Swine 2006, Part III: reference of swine health and health management in the United States","author":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","year":"2008","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2008. 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