{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T23:38:03Z","timestamp":1770334683096,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have shown that the alternative pathway of complement activation plays an important role in protection against infection with<jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans. Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:italic>does not activate the alternative pathway as well as<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>in vitro. The role of complement in<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>infection in vivo has not been reported. In this study, we used mice deficient in complement components to investigate the role of complement in protection against a<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>isolate from an ongoing outbreak in northwestern North America. While factor B-deficient mice showed an enhanced rate of death, complement component C3-deficient mice died even more rapidly, indicating that the alternative pathway was not the only complement pathway contributing to protection against disease. Both C3- and factor B-deficient mice had increased fungal burdens in comparison to wild-type mice. Histopathology revealed an overwhelming fungal burden in the lungs of these complement-deficient mice, which undoubtedly prevented efficient gas exchange, causing death. Following the fate of radiolabeled organisms showed that both factor B- and C3-deficient mice were less effective than wild-type mice in clearing organisms. However, opsonization of<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>with complement components was not sufficient to prolong life in mice deficient in complement. Killing of<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>by macrophages in vitro was decreased in the presence of serum from factor B- and C3-deficient versus wild-type mice. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that complement activation is crucial for survival in<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>infection. Additionally, we have shown that the alternative pathway of complement activation is not the only complement pathway contributing to protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01119-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,30]],"date-time":"2008-12-30T04:12:18Z","timestamp":1230610338000},"page":"1061-1070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Role of Complement in Protection against<i>Cryptococcus gattii<\/i>Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Kileen L.","family":"Mershon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and the Molecular Biology Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Vasuthasawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and the Molecular Biology Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory W.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherie L.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and the Molecular Biology Institute"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David O.","family":"Beenhouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01161-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0598-56"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Cryptococcus neoformans. 1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-144-37580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.112.6.2260","volume":"112","year":"1974","unstructured":"Diamond, R. 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