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Male IL-3 KO mice, but not female mice, were more resistant to infection than wild-type (WT) mice, as evidenced by lower peak parasitemia and prolonged survival. Both male and female IL-3 KO mice had increased splenomegaly and were more anemic than corresponding WT mice. Anemia was compensated for by an increase in bone marrow and splenic erythropoiesis in IL-3 KO mice, as evidenced by higher levels of erythroid progenitors. Plasma levels of gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) and CXCL9 (monokine induced by IFN-\u03b3 [MIG]) were found to be significantly reduced in IL-3 KO mice during early stages of infection. In contrast, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels were significantly higher, and the percentage of peripheral blood neutrophils lower, in infected IL-3 KO mice than in WT counterparts. Overall, our results indicate that IL-3 plays a critical role in suppressing protective immunity to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. berghei<\/jats:named-content>NK65 infection and that it is involved in inhibiting the development of splenomegaly, anemia, and erythropoiesis. IL-3 also influences IFN-\u03b3, CXCL9, and G-CSF production in response to infection. The abnormal responses seen in infected IL-3 KO mice may be due to the lack of IL-3 during development, to the lack of IL-3 in the infected mature mice, or to both.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01140-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,31]],"date-time":"2013-12-31T03:47:19Z","timestamp":1388461639000},"page":"1308-1314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Interleukin-3-Deficient Mice Have Increased Resistance to Blood-Stage Malaria"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Auclair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan L.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Ogborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdalla A.","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianne","family":"Naples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Marie P.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorottya K.","family":"Boisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia T.","family":"Tavangar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris S.","family":"Lantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01164.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000319080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707782793998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:22:2:107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201142318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101257"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2008.88"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1994.tb05067.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.9.3400","article-title":"Regulation of macrophage activation by IL-3. 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