{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:25:52Z","timestamp":1791491152671,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic background variation between inbred strains accounts for different levels of susceptibility to<jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>in the mouse infection model. To elucidate the inheritance of immunophenotypic traits and their associations with clearance outcomes during cryptococcal infection, we compared C57BL\/6, BALB\/c, and their first-generation hybrid, CB6F1 (F1), mice. Mice from each group were infected with<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>(10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>CFU) and analyzed at weekly intervals over a 6-week period. BALB\/c mice progressively cleared the cryptococcal infection in the lungs and showed a Th1-skewed immune response: a Th1-shifted cytokine profile, modest lung pathology, and no significant elevation in the systemic immunoglobulin E (IgE) level. In contrast, C57BL\/6 mice developed a chronic infection with a Th2-skewed immune response: a Th2-shifted cytokine profile, pulmonary eosinophilia, severe lung pathology, elevated serum IgE, fungemia, and cryptococcal dissemination in the central nervous system. F1 mice demonstrated intermediate resistance to<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>, with a stronger resemblance to the immunophenotype of the resistant (BALB\/c) mice. F1 mice also demonstrated enhanced pulmonary recruitment of lymphocytes, especially CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells, in comparison to both parental strains, suggesting positive heterosis. We conclude that the inheritance of traits responsible for early cytokine induction in the infected lungs and dendritic-cell maturation\/activation status in draining nodes is responsible for the intermediate immune response polarization and clearance outcome observed initially in the lungs of F1 mice. The enhanced pulmonary lymphocyte recruitment could be responsible for a gradual shutdown of the undesirable Th2 arm of the immune response and subsequently improved anticryptococcal resistance in F1 mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01143-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,8]],"date-time":"2008-04-08T00:33:57Z","timestamp":1207614837000},"page":"2379-2391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Inheritance of Immune Polarization Patterns Is Linked to Resistance versus Susceptibility to<i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>in a Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Gwo-hsiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Medical Center Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Medical Center Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadira","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary B.","family":"Huffnagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galen B.","family":"Toews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Medical Center Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal A.","family":"Olszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Medical Center Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"15","volume":"42","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aguirre, K., J. 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