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MyD88-deficient mice display defective clearance of many pathogens; however, the IgM response to persistent infection is essentially normal. Therefore, MyD88<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice provided a unique opportunity to study the effect of nonantibody, innate host defenses to relapsing fever<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>. Infected MyD88<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice harbored extremely high levels of<jats:italic>B. hermsii<\/jats:italic>in the blood compared to wild-type littermates. In the comparison of MyD88<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice and B- and T-cell-deficient<jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>mice, two features stood out: (i) bacterial numbers in blood were at least 10-fold greater in MyD88<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice than<jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>mice, even though the production of IgM still occurred in MyD88<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice; and (ii) many of the MyD88<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice were able to exert partial clearance, although with delayed kinetics relative to wild-type mice, a feature not seen in<jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>mice. Further analysis revealed a delay in the IgM response to lipoproteins expressed by the original inoculum; however, by 6 days of infection antibodies were produced in MyD88<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice that could clear spirochetemia in<jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>mice. While these results indicated that the production of IgM was delayed in MyD88<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice, they also point to a second, antibody-independent role for MyD88 signaling in host defense to relapsing fever<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>. This second defect was apparent only when antibody levels were limiting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01160-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,21]],"date-time":"2006-11-21T01:05:37Z","timestamp":1164071137000},"page":"6750-6760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dual Role of MyD88 in Rapid Clearance of Relapsing Fever<i>Borrelia<\/i>spp"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Devin D.","family":"Bolz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rhianna S.","family":"Sundsbak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 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