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Plague infections elicit strong humoral immune responses against the capsular antigen (fraction 1 [F1]) of<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>, and F1-specific antibodies provide protective immunity. Here we asked whether<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>generates mutations that enable bacterial escape from protective immunity and isolated a variant with an IS<jats:italic>1541<\/jats:italic>insertion in<jats:italic>caf1A<\/jats:italic>encoding the F1 outer membrane usher. The<jats:italic>caf1A<\/jats:italic>::IS<jats:italic>1541<\/jats:italic>insertion prevented assembly of F1 pili and provided escape from plague immunity via F1-specific antibodies without a reduction in virulence in mouse models of bubonic or pneumonic plague. F1-specific antibodies interfere with<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>type III transport of effector proteins into host cells, an inhibitory effect that was overcome by the<jats:italic>caf1A<\/jats:italic>::IS<jats:italic>1541<\/jats:italic>insertion. These findings suggest a model in which IS<jats:italic>1541<\/jats:italic>insertion into<jats:italic>caf1A<\/jats:italic>provides for reversible changes in envelope structure, enabling<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>to escape from adaptive immune responses and plague immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01162-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,24]],"date-time":"2009-02-24T01:34:43Z","timestamp":1235439283000},"page":"1807-1816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["<i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>IS<i>1541<\/i>Transposition Provides for Escape from Plague Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Claire A.","family":"Cornelius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauriane E.","family":"Quenee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Elli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Ciletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Schneewind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.2180-2187.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.434-464.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.68.2.131","volume":"68","year":"1952","unstructured":"Baker, E. 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