{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:20:44Z","timestamp":1792099244795,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    has been shown to produce biofilms both in experimental flow chambers and in the human host. Our laboratory has shown that extracellular DNA is an essential component of the gonococcal matrix. We have also identified a gene in\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which we designated\n                    <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This gene has homology with the staphylococcus-secreted thermonuclease. Our laboratory has characterized\n                    <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                    through phenotypic analysis of a\n                    <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion mutant. Biofilms grown with this strain are significantly thicker and of greater biomass than the\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    1291 parent strain. Confocal microscopy indicates that the increased size of the mutant biofilms appears to be due to elevated amounts of extracellular DNA in the biofilm matrix. Chromosomal complementation of the\n                    <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutation restored the wild-type biofilm phenotype. In addition, we have cloned and expressed the Nuc protein in\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and our data indicate that it has the ability to digest multiple forms of DNA and is a thermonuclease. The ability of Nuc to digest DNA also extends to its ability to disrupt established gonococcal biofilms through degradation of the DNA in the biofilm matrix. Our studies indicate that the\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm contains DNA and that the Nuc protein appears to play a role in biofilm formation and remodeling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01162-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]],"date-time":"2011-02-08T00:24:35Z","timestamp":1297124675000},"page":"1504-1511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["The\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    Biofilm Matrix Contains DNA, and an Endogenous Nuclease Controls Its Incorporation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Christopher T.","family":"Steichen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian Q.","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Microscopy Research Facility, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Apicella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.05008.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/130.6.619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801499105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.43.3.994-999.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.5.2499-2505.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00036-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01312-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"320","volume":"386","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ferretti, J. J., D. W. Dyer, and B. A. Roe. 1997. Data available. Nature 386:320.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.1964-1970.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.17.5654-5660.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-10-2395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Gonococcal infections in adults 1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01935-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01913-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.14.4449-4456.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610226104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.4.1455-1464.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.295.5559.1487"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01162-10","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01162-10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T08:44:09Z","timestamp":1646469849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.01162-10"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"J. N.","family":"Weiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01162-10"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01162-10","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-10-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-01-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-03-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}