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During late-stage experimental infection in mice,<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>evades the adaptive immune response despite the presence of borrelia-specific bactericidal antibodies. In this study we asked whether<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>could invade fibroblasts or endothelial cells as a mechanism to model the avoidance from humorally based clearance. A variation of the gentamicin protection assay, coupled with the detection of borrelial transcripts following gentamicin treatment, indicated that a portion of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>cells were protected in the short term from antibiotic killing due to their ability to invade cultured mammalian cells. Long-term coculture of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>with primary human fibroblasts provided additional support for intracellular protection. Furthermore, decreased invasion of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>in murine fibroblasts that do not synthesize the \u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>integrin subunit was observed, indicating that \u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-containing integrins are required for optimal borrelial invasion. However, \u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-dependent invasion did not require either the \u03b1<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>integrin or the borrelial fibronectin-binding protein BBK32. The internalization of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>was inhibited by cytochalasin D and PP2, suggesting that<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>invasion required the reorganization of actin filaments and Src family kinases (SFK), respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>can invade and retain viability in nonphagocytic cells in a process that may, in part, help to explain the phenotype observed in untreated experimental infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01188-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,21]],"date-time":"2010-12-21T04:53:02Z","timestamp":1292907182000},"page":"1338-1348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Invasion of Eukaryotic Cells by<i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>Requires \u03b2<sub>1<\/sub>Integrins and Src Kinase Activity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&amp;M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric H.","family":"Weening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&amp;M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer B.","family":"Faske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&amp;M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114"},{"name":"Present address: Texas AgriLife Research, 1229 N. 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