{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:08:15Z","timestamp":1790507295572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Transient high-grade bacteremia following invasive procedures carries a risk of infective endocarditis (IE). This is supported by experimental endocarditis. On the other hand, case-control studies showed that IE could be caused by cumulative exposure to low-grade bacteremia occurring during daily activities. However, no experimental demonstration of this latter possibility exists. This study investigated the infectivity in animals of continuous low-grade bacteremia compared to that of brief high-grade bacteremia. Rats with aortic vegetations were inoculated with\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus intermedius<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus gordonii<\/jats:named-content>\n            or\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            (strains Newman and P8). Animals were challenged with 10\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n            to 10\n            <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU. Identical bacterial numbers were given by bolus (1 ml in 1 min) or continuous infusion (0.0017 ml\/min over 10 h). Bacteremia was 50 to 1,000 times greater after bolus than during continuous inoculation. Streptococcal bolus inoculation of 10\n            <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU infected 63 to 100% vegetations compared to 30 to 71% infection after continuous infusion (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &gt; 0.05). When increasing the inoculum to 10\n            <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU, bolus inoculation infected 100% vegetations and continuous infusion 70 to 100% (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &gt; 0.05).\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            bolus injection of 10\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU infected 46 to 57% valves. This was similar to the 53 to 57% infection rates produced by continuous infusion (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &gt; 0.05). Inoculation of 10\n            <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            infected 80 to 100% vegetations after bolus and 60 to 75% after continuous infusion (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &gt; 0.05). These results show that high-level bacteremia is not required to induce experimental endocarditis and support the hypothesis that cumulative exposure to low-grade bacteremia represents a genuine risk of IE in humans.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01208-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]],"date-time":"2011-02-15T09:12:54Z","timestamp":1297761174000},"page":"2006-2011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Induction of Experimental Endocarditis by Continuous Low-Grade Bacteremia Mimicking Spontaneous Bacteremia in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"T. R.","family":"Veloso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Amiguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Unit, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Rousson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Unit, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Giddey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Vouillamoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Moreillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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