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Because macrophages are considered natural target cells of the pathogen, we established primary bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) as an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection model to study reservoir host-pathogen interactions at the cellular level. In addition, bovine alveolar macrophages were included to take cell type peculiarities at a host entry site into account. Cell cultures were inoculated with the virulent strain Nine Mile I (NMI; phase I) or the avirulent strain Nine Mile II (NMII; phase II). Macrophages from both sources internalized NMI and NMII. MDM were particularly permissive for NMI internalization, but NMI and NMII replicated with similar kinetics in these cells. MDM responded to inoculation with a general upregulation of Th1-related cytokines such as interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) early on (3 h postinfection). However, inflammatory responses rapidly declined when\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    replication started.\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection inhibited translation and release of IL-1\u03b2 and vastly failed to stimulate increased expression of activation markers, such as CD40, CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Such capability of limiting proinflammatory responses may help\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coxiella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    to protect itself from clearance by the host immune system. The findings provide the first detailed insight into\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    -macrophage interactions in ruminants and may serve as a basis for assessing the virulence and the host adaptation of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01208-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,28]],"date-time":"2016-03-28T22:19:06Z","timestamp":1459203546000},"page":"1722-1734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Coxiella burnetii Infects Primary Bovine Macrophages and Limits Their Host Cell Response"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Sobotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstin","family":"Hillarius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Mager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Kerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University (JLU), Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Heydel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University (JLU), Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Menge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04519.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Q fever, the disease","author":"Langley JM","year":"1990","unstructured":"Langley JM. 1990. 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