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Spirochetes of the genus<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>include nearly 40 species of vector-borne spirochetes that are capable of infecting a wide range of mammalian hosts, causing Lyme disease and relapsing fever. Relapsing fever is associated with high-level bacteremia, as well as hematologic manifestations, such as thrombocytopenia (i.e., low platelet numbers) and anemia. To facilitate studies of genetic control of susceptibility to<jats:italic>Borrelia hermsii<\/jats:italic>infection, we performed a systematic analysis of the course of infection using immunocompetent and immunocompromised inbred strains of mice. Our analysis revealed that sensitivity to<jats:italic>B. hermsii<\/jats:italic>infections is genetically controlled. In addition, whereas the role of adaptive immunity to relapsing fever-causing spirochetes is well documented, we found that innate immunity contributes significantly to the reduction of bacterial burden. Similar to human infection, the progression of the disease in mice was associated with thrombocytopenia and anemia. Histological and fluorescence<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>hybridization (FISH) analysis of infected tissues indicated that red blood cells (RBCs) were removed by tissue-resident macrophages, a process that could lead to anemia. Spirochetes in the spleen and liver were often visualized associated with RBCs, lending support to the hypothesis that direct interaction of<jats:italic>B. hermsii<\/jats:italic>spirochetes with RBCs leads to clearance of bacteria from the bloodstream by tissue phagocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01216-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]],"date-time":"2009-12-08T05:23:37Z","timestamp":1260249817000},"page":"586-594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Genetic Control of the Innate Immune Response to<i>Borrelia hermsii<\/i>Influences the Course of Relapsing Fever in Inbred Strains of Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Vivian M.","family":"Benoit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annett","family":"Petrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charite\u0301\u2014Universita\u0308tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charite\u0301 Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishore R.","family":"Alugupalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Marty-Roix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Moter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charite\u0301\u2014Universita\u0308tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charite\u0301 Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor L.","family":"Boyartchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.7.3819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1616102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02201.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-02-0426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.26.229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00389-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.001103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(93)90139-I"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.2.1009-1015.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.156.5.1312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.9.5681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(02)00231-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.75.7.521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.2.815-819.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-006-0692-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"573","volume":"56","year":"2007","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 June 2007. 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