{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:30:03Z","timestamp":1793316603275,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Activation of the innate immune system by bacterial DNA and DNA of other invertebrates represents a pathogen recognition mechanism. In this study we investigated macrophage responses to DNA from the intestinal protozoan parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    genomic DNA was purified from log-phase trophozoites and tested with the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. RAW cells treated with\n                    <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA demonstrated an increase in levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) mRNA and protein production. TNF-\u03b1 production was blocked by pretreatment with chloroquine or monensin. In fact, an NF-\u03baB luciferase reporter assay in HEK cells transfected with human TLR9 demonstrated that\n                    <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA signaled through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in a manner similar to that seen with CpG-ODN. Immunofluorescence assays confirmed NF-\u03baB activation in RAW cells, as seen by nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit. Western blot analysis demonstrated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by\n                    <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA.\n                    <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA effects were abolished in MYD88\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mouse-derived macrophages. In the context of disease, immunization with\n                    <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA protected gerbils from an\n                    <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    challenge infection. Taken together, these results demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA is recognized by TLR9 to activate macrophages and may provide an innate defense mechanism characterized by the induction of the inflammatory mediator TNF-\u03b1.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01217-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,5]],"date-time":"2007-11-05T20:44:07Z","timestamp":1194295447000},"page":"289-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Toll-Like Receptor 9-Dependent Macrophage Activation by\n                    <i>Entamoeba histolytica<\/i>\n                    DNA"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Catherine P. A.","family":"Ivory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Prystajecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Jobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Center for GI Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Chadee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35021228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1996.d01-16.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"14","volume":"22","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arteaga-Nieto, P., A. Alvarez-Vargas, C. Cano-Canchola, A. Flores-Carreron, E. Lopez-Romerro, and C. Calvo-Mendez. 2000. Improved purification of DNA from Entamoeba histolytica. Focus22:14-15.","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.2.1164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.09.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"71","volume":"117","year":"1984","unstructured":"Chadee, K., and E. Meerovitch. 1984. The pathogenesis of experimentally induced amebic liver abscess in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Am. J. Pathol.117:71-80.","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02211.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.1.508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"77","volume":"247","year":"2000","unstructured":"H\u00e4cker, H. 2000. Signal transduction pathways activated by CpG-DNA. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.247:77-92.","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.904-909.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"5658","volume":"75","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harris, T. H., J. M. Mansfield, and D. M. Paulnock. 2007. CpG ODN treatment enhances innate resistance and acquired immunity to African trypanosomes. Infect. Immun.75:5658-5663.","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.2.944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35047123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.528-536.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"114","volume":"3","year":"1969","unstructured":"Kanani, S. R., and R. Knight. 1969. Amoebic dysentery precipitated by corticosteroids. Br. Med. J.3:114.","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.26.12837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.5658-5663.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00831996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00249-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/374546a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05464.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00754.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(61)80023-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.5.804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.7.2633","volume":"136","year":"1986","unstructured":"Salata, R. A., A. Martinez-Palomo, H. W. Murray, L. Conales, N. Trevino, E. Segovia, C. F. Murphy, and J. I. Ravdin. 1986. Patients treated for amebic liver abscess develop cell-mediated immune responses effective in vitro against Entamoeba histolytica. J. Immunol.136:2633-2639.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.5.2143-2146.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.26.12175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.7.2522-2527.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.9.3951-3953.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70023-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.400-402.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60790-7"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01217-07","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01217-07","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T12:36:03Z","timestamp":1684067763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.01217-07"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01217-07"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01217-07","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1094999.549977","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-09-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-10-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}