{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:59:48Z","timestamp":1787320788760,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , a causative agent of melioidosis, is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium that can survive and multiply in macrophages. Previously, we demonstrated that\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    failed to activate gene expression downstream of the MyD88-independent pathway, particularly the expression of beta interferon (IFN-\u03b2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), leading to the inability of macrophages to kill this bacterium. In the present report, we extended our study to show that\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    was able to activate sterile-\u03b1 and Armadillo motif (SARM)-containing protein, a known negative regulator of the MyD88-independent pathway. Both live\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and heat-killed\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    were able to upregulate SARM expression in a time-dependent manner in mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The expression of SARM required bacterial internalization, as it could be inhibited by cytochalasin D. In addition, the intracellular survival of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    was suppressed in SARM-deficient macrophages. Increased expression of IFN-\u03b2 and iNOS and degradation of I\u03baB\u03b1 correlated with enhanced macrophage killing capability. These results demonstrated that\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    modulated macrophage defense mechanisms by upregulating SARM, thus leading to the suppression of IFN-\u03b2 and iNOS needed for bacterial elimination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01254-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]],"date-time":"2011-05-10T01:59:38Z","timestamp":1304992778000},"page":"2921-2927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Burkholderia pseudomallei-Induced Expression of a Negative Regulator, Sterile-\u03b1 and Armadillo Motif-Containing Protein, in Mouse Macrophages: a Possible Mechanism for Suppression of the MyD88-Independent Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Pudla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Limposuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Utaisincharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00285-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00071-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00060-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01139.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2006.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Effects of Burkholderia pseudomallei and other Burkholderia species on eukaryotic cells in tissue culture","volume":"96","author":"Harley V. 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