{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:32:10Z","timestamp":1768519930696,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            is the causative agent of melioidosis. While adaptive immunity has been shown to be important for host resistance to\n            <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            , the direct interaction of the bacteria with adaptive immune cells such as T and B cells is not well known. To address this question, we infected Jurkat T cells, as well as human primary CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            and CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells, with live\n            <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            . We found that live bacterial infection could costimulate T cells to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) in the presence of anti-CD3 cross-linking antibodies. Bacterial supernatant could also costimulate T cells, and this was due to the presence of flagellin in the supernatant. However, T cells infected with bacterial mutants lacking flagellin showed strong impairment in IL-2 but only a slight impairment in IFN-\u03b3 production. When cross-linking of CD3 is replaced by IL-2, live bacterial infection was still able to costimulate human primary T cells to produce IFN-\u03b3 and flagellin is only a minor ligand contributing to this costimulation. Thus, live\n            <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            could potentially costimulate T cells not only in an antigen-specific manner but also in a nonspecific manner through bystander activation via IL-2.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01310-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]],"date-time":"2008-03-18T00:48:32Z","timestamp":1205801312000},"page":"2541-2550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/i>\n            Infection of T Cells Leads to T-Cell Costimulation Partially Provided by Flagellin"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 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