{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:01:27Z","timestamp":1793325687992,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, which has been among the most frequently reported communicable diseases in the United States since 1960. Women frequently do not exhibit symptoms, which can lead to chronic infection.\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    readily forms biofilms over abiotic surfaces, over primary and transformed cervical epithelial cells, and over cervical tissues\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Biofilms are often associated with chronic infection, which suggests a link between biofilm formation and asymptomatic gonorrhea in women. Proteins involved in anaerobic metabolism and oxidative-stress tolerance are critical for normal biofilm formation of\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Therefore, we examined the spatial profiles of anaerobic respiration in\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , using an\n                    <jats:italic>aniA<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032-\u2032\n                    <jats:italic>gfp<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcriptional fusion. Nitric oxide (NO) can elicit biofilm dispersal when present at sublethal concentrations in the surrounding medium. Some reports indicate that NO may also encourage biofilm formation at higher, potentially lethal concentrations. NO is produced by polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMNs) and cervical endothelial and epithelial cells. Thus, we also examined the effect of NO on\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms. We found that anaerobic respiration occurs predominantly in the substratum of gonococcal biofilms and that expression of\n                    <jats:italic>aniA<\/jats:italic>\n                    is induced over time in biofilms. Treatment with high concentrations of a rapid-release NO donor prevents biofilm formation when supplied early in biofilm development but can also enhance biofilm formation once anaerobic respiration is initiated. NO treatment partially restores biofilm formation in an\n                    <jats:italic>aniA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ::\n                    <jats:italic>kan<\/jats:italic>\n                    insertion mutant, which suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in biofilms may use NO as a substrate for anaerobic growth but prefer nitrite.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01312-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]],"date-time":"2010-03-15T23:54:57Z","timestamp":1268697297000},"page":"2320-2328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Anaerobic Metabolism Occurs in the Substratum of Gonococcal Biofilms and May Be Sustained in Part by Nitric Oxide"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Megan L.","family":"Falsetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair G.","family":"McEwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Apicella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"46","volume":"44","year":"1995","unstructured":"Anonymous. 1995. 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