{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T18:35:12Z","timestamp":1717785312911},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are potential therapeutic agents against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            toxins, since there is no current treatment to counteract the detrimental effects of toxemia. In hopes of isolating new protective MAbs to the toxin component lethal factor (LF), we used a strain of mice (C57BL\/6) that had not been used in previous studies, generating MAbs to LF. Six LF-binding MAbs were obtained, representing 3 IgG isotypes and one IgM. One MAb (20C1) provided protection from lethal toxin (LeTx) in an\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            mouse macrophage system but did not provide significant protection\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . However, the combination of two MAbs to LF (17F1 and 20C1) provided synergistic increases in protection both\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . In addition, when these MAbs were mixed with MAbs to protective antigen (PA) previously generated in our laboratory, these MAb combinations produced synergistic toxin neutralization\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . But when 17F1 was combined with another MAb to LF, 19C9, the combination resulted in enhanced lethal toxicity. While no single MAb to LF provided significant toxin neutralization, LF-immunized mice were completely protected from infection with\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain Sterne, which suggested that a polyclonal response is required for effective toxin neutralization. In total, these studies show that while a single MAb against LeTx may not be effective, combinations of multiple MAbs may provide the most effective form of passive immunotherapy, with the caveat that these may demonstrate emergent properties with regard to protective efficacy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01328-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T04:03:09Z","timestamp":1363665789000},"page":"1880-1888","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Combinations of Monoclonal Antibodies to Anthrax Toxin Manifest New Properties in Neutralization Assays"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Mary Ann","family":"Pohl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Nakouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siu-Kei","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.10.3162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200004000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)80112-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00321-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00969.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.4.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins3081004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4060430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6547-6551.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.6.1606-1613.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00529-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-2003-12404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6313-6317.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00200-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(80)90146-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00150-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700661200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.022061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","volume-title":"Antimicrobial combinations","author":"Eliopoulos GM","year":"1991","unstructured":"EliopoulosGMMoelleringRC. 1991. 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B.","family":"Bliska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01328-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01328-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-11-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-03-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-05-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}