{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:11:28Z","timestamp":1793020288878,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a soil-transmitted helminth organism that infects \u223c50 to 100 million people worldwide. Despite its widespread prevalence, very little is known about the immune response that characterizes human\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. stercoralis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection. To study the systemic cytokine profile characteristic of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Strongyloides<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection, we measured the circulating levels of a large panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in asymptomatic, infected individuals (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 32) and compared them to those in uninfected, controls (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 24). Infected individuals exhibited significantly lower circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-\u03b3], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-\u03b1], and interleukin-1\u03b2 [IL-1\u03b2]) and significantly higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-27, IL-37, and transforming growth factor \u03b2 [TGF-\u03b2]). Moreover, treatment of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Strongyloides<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection resulted in a significant reversal of the cytokine profile, with increased levels of proinflammatory (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-2, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-1\u03b2) and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-27, IL-37, and TGF-\u03b2) cytokines following treatment. Thus,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. stercoralis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection is characterized by alterations in the levels of systemic cytokines, reflecting major alterations in the underlying immune response to this chronic helminth infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01354-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]],"date-time":"2015-11-24T02:59:20Z","timestamp":1448333960000},"page":"425-431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Systemic Cytokine Profiles in Strongyloides stercoralis Infection and Alterations following Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Rajamanickam","family":"Anuradha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, 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