{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:19:52Z","timestamp":1791983992883,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Proteases in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            have been shown to play a role in its pathogenesis.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            secretes Zn-dependent hemagglutinin protease (HAP) and calcium-dependent trypsin-like serine protease (VesC) by using the type II secretion system (TIISS). Our present studies demonstrated that these proteases are also secreted in association with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and transported to human intestinal epithelial cells in an active form. OMV-associated HAP induces dose-dependent apoptosis in Int407 cells and an enterotoxic response in the mouse ileal loop (MIL) assay, whereas OMV-associated VesC showed a hemorrhagic fluid response in the MIL assay, necrosis in Int407 cells, and an increased interleukin-8 (IL-8) response in T84 cells, which were significantly reduced in OMVs from VesC mutant strain. Our results also showed that serine protease VesC plays a role in intestinal colonization of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains in adult mice. In conclusion, our study shows that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            OMVs secrete biologically active proteases which may play a role in cytotoxic and inflammatory responses.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01365-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T03:34:22Z","timestamp":1456803262000},"page":"1478-1490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Outer Membrane Vesicle-Associated Biologically Active Proteases from Vibrio cholerae"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Ayan","family":"Mondal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 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