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An increase in both enterocyte proliferation and the subsequent generation of crypt hyperplasia are hallmarks of chronic infection with<jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic>, a large intestinal dwelling nematode. The effect of this parasitic infection on apoptosis induction in the large intestine and its regulation has been neglected. To address this, mice of resistant and susceptible phenotypes were infected with different doses of<jats:italic>T. muris<\/jats:italic>, and the levels of epithelial cell apoptosis were determined. It is clear that apoptosis is induced during chronic<jats:italic>T. muris<\/jats:italic>infection. This occurs mainly at the base of the cecal crypt, within the stem cell region. The level of apoptosis induced is independent of worm number, suggesting that it is not a consequence of worm-induced damage but rather a mechanism for controlling cell number within the crypt. Neutralization of both gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha caused a significant reduction in the levels of apoptosis, showing that proinflammatory cytokines generated in response to chronic infection play an important role in apoptosis induction in this system. It is proposed that the generation of proinflammatory cytokines during chronic<jats:italic>T. muris<\/jats:italic>infection may play a positive role, by promoting intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, to counter infection-induced epithelial hyperplasia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01375-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]],"date-time":"2007-01-23T01:48:24Z","timestamp":1169516904000},"page":"1556-1564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["An Increase in Epithelial Cell Apoptosis Is Associated with Chronic Intestinal Nematode Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Cliffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Potten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epistem Limited, Incubator Building, 48 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9XX, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epistem Limited, Incubator Building, 48 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9XX, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Grencis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.7.953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5381.1305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.6.2645"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200007)30:7<2083::AID-IMMU2083>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00281-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3453","volume":"160","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bancroft, A. 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