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Both organisms are highly infectious when inhaled and are inherently resistant to many antimicrobials, thus making it difficult to treat pneumonic<jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>infections. We investigated whether it was possible to achieve rapid protection against inhaled<jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>infection by using inhaled immunotherapy. For this purpose, cationic liposome DNA complexes (CLDC), which are potent activators of innate immunity, were used to elicit the activation of pulmonary innate immune responses. We found that mucosal CLDC administration before or shortly after bacterial challenge could generate complete or nearly complete protection from inhalational challenge with 100% lethal doses of<jats:italic>B. mallei<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>. Protection was found to be dependent on the CLDC-mediated induction of gamma interferon responses in lung tissues and was partially dependent on the activation of NK cells. However, CLDC-mediated protection was not dependent on the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase, as assessed by depletion studies. We concluded that the potent local activation of innate immune responses in the lung could be used to elicit rapid and nonspecific protection from aerosol exposure to both<jats:italic>B. mallei<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01384-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]],"date-time":"2009-01-30T01:45:10Z","timestamp":1233279910000},"page":"1579-1588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Protection from Pneumonic Infection with<i>Burkholderia<\/i>Species by Inhalational Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Goodyear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kellihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helle","family":"Bielefeldt-Ohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Troyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Propst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Dow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. 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