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It is important to develop new antimycobacterial drugs and immunomodulatory therapeutics and compounds that enhance antituberculous immunity. Dipterinyl calcium pentahydrate (DCP), a calcium-complexed pterin compound, has previously been shown to inhibit human breast cancer cells and hepatitis B virus (HBV). DCP inhibitory effects were attributed to induction of apoptosis and\/or increased production of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In this study, we tested the ability of DCP to mediate inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria within human monocytes. DCP treatment of infected monocytes resulted in a significant reduction in viability of intracellular but not extracellular<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:named-content>BCG. The antimicrobial activity of DCP was comparable to that of pyrazinamide (PZA), one of the first-line antituberculosis drugs currently used. DCP potentiated monocyte antimycobacterial activity by induction of the cysteine-cysteine (C-C) chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1\u03b2 (MIP-1\u03b2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase 2. Addition of human anti-MIP-1\u03b2 neutralizing antibody or a specific inhibitor of the<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-arginase-nitric oxide pathway (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>G<\/jats:sup>-monomethyl<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-arginine [<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-NMMA] monoacetate) reversed the inhibitory effects of DCP on intracellular mycobacterial growth. These findings indicate that DCP induced mycobacterial killing via MIP-1\u03b2- and nitric oxide-dependent effects. Hence, DCP acts as an immunoregulatory compound enhancing the antimycobacterial activity of human monocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01393-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T04:03:09Z","timestamp":1363665789000},"page":"1974-1983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dipterinyl Calcium Pentahydrate Inhibits Intracellular Mycobacterial Growth in Human Monocytes via the C-C Chemokine MIP-1\u03b2 and Nitric Oxide"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Isaac G.","family":"Sakala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy &amp; Immunology, Edward A. 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