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Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression has been found in granulomas of lesions in<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>-infected individuals.<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>inoculation in mice induces very small lesions that are self-healing, whereas deficiency in the TLR adaptor molecule, MyD88, renders mice susceptible to infection. The TLR involved has not been identified, prompting us to investigate if TLR9 triggering by the parasite contributes to the strong resistance to infection observed in<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>-inoculated mice. The parasites activated wild-type (WT) dendritic cells (DCs)<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>but not DCs derived from TLR9<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice. TLR9<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice inoculated with<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>exhibited a transient susceptibility characterized by increased lesion size and parasite burden compared to those of WT mice. Surprisingly, elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) were measured at the site of infection and in draining lymph node T cells of TLR9<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice at the peak of susceptibility, suggesting that unlike observations<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, the parasite could induce DC activation leading to the development of Th1 cells in the absence of TLR9 expression. Taken together, these data show that TLR9 signaling is important for the early control of lesion development and parasite burden but is dispensable for the differentiation of Th1 cells secreting IFN-\u03b3, and the high levels of this cytokine are not sufficient to control early parasite replication following<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01401-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T04:15:24Z","timestamp":1361852124000},"page":"1575-1584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Role of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling in Experimental Leishmania braziliensis Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Weinkopff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Mariotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregoire","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazmin","family":"Hauyon-La Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floriane","family":"Auderset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haroun","family":"Zangger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Fasel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldina","family":"Barral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Goncalo Moniz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Tacchini-Cottier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761991000100009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(85)90057-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.6.4144","article-title":"Cell mediated immunity in American cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis","volume":"135","author":"Carvalho EM","year":"1985","unstructured":"CarvalhoEMJohnsonWDBarretoEMarsdenPDCostaJLReedSRochaH. 1985. 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