{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:40:45Z","timestamp":1789422045955,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection in the stomach is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease and is a strong risk factor for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma, yet no effective vaccine against\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection is available to date. In mice, mucosal vaccination with\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    antigens when given together with cholera toxin (CT) adjuvant, but not without adjuvant, can induce protective immune responses against\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection. However, the toxicity of CT precludes its use as a mucosal adjuvant in humans. We evaluated a recently developed, essentially nontoxic double mutant\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n                    heat-labile toxin, LT(R192G\/L211A) (dmLT), as a mucosal adjuvant in an experimental\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    vaccine and compared it to CT in promoting immune responses and protection against\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection in mice. Immunization via the sublingual or intragastric route with\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    lysate antigens and dmLT resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial load after challenge compared to that in unimmunized infection controls and to the same extent as when using CT as an adjuvant. Cellular immune responses in the sublingually immunized mice known to correlate with protection were also fully comparable when using dmLT and CT as adjuvants, resulting in enhanced\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    proliferative and cytokine responses from spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells to\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    antigens. Our results suggest that dmLT is an attractive adjuvant for inclusion in a mucosal vaccine against\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01407-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]],"date-time":"2013-02-25T23:15:24Z","timestamp":1361834124000},"page":"1532-1540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["A Double Mutant Heat-Labile Toxin from Escherichia coli, LT(R192G\/L211A), Is an Effective Mucosal Adjuvant for Vaccination against Helicobacter pylori Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Louise","family":"Sj\u00f6kvist Ottsj\u00f6","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University 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