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The T3SS can also be activated\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            at 37\u00b0C in the absence of calcium. The chromosomal gene\n            <jats:italic>rfaL<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>waaL<\/jats:italic>\n            ) was recently identified as a virulence factor required for proper function of the T3SS. RfaL functions as a ligase that adds the terminal\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -acetylglucosamine to the lipooligosaccharide core of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . We previously showed that deletion of\n            <jats:italic>rfaL<\/jats:italic>\n            prevents secretion of Yops\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . Here we show that the divalent cations calcium, strontium, and magnesium can partially or fully rescue Yop secretion\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            , indicating that the secretion phenotype of the\n            <jats:italic>rfaL<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant may be due to structural changes in the outer membrane and the corresponding feedback inhibition on the T3SS. In support of this, we found that the defect can be overcome by deleting the regulatory gene\n            <jats:italic>lcrQ<\/jats:italic>\n            . Consistent with a defective T3SS, the\n            <jats:italic>rfaL<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant is less virulent than the wild type. We show here that the virulence defect of the mutant correlates with a decrease in both T3SS gene expression and ability to inject innate immune cells, combined with an increased sensitivity to cationic antimicrobial peptides.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01417-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T02:27:29Z","timestamp":1359426449000},"page":"1186-1197","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["RfaL Is Required for Yersinia pestis Type III Secretion and Virulence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Houppert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Bohman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana 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