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This highly prevalent and chronic morbidity often occurs in the absence of ultrasound-detectable periportal fibrosis and may be due to immunological inflammation. For a cohort of school-age children, whole-blood cultures were stimulated with<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>soluble egg antigen (SEA) or soluble worm antigen (SWA). Responses to SWA were found to be predominantly Th2 cytokines; however, they were not significantly associated with either hepatosplenomegaly or infection with<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>. In comparison, SEA-specific Th2 cytokine responses were low, and the levels were negatively correlated with<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>infection intensities and were lower among children who were coinfected with<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>. Tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in response to stimulation with SEA were high, and a negative association between presentation with hepatomegaly and the levels of the regulatory cytokines interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor \u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>suggests that a possible mechanism for childhood hepatomegaly in areas where both malaria and schistosomiasis are endemic is poor regulation of an inflammatory response to schistosome eggs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01433-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,20]],"date-time":"2008-02-20T04:25:35Z","timestamp":1203481535000},"page":"2212-2218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Hepatosplenomegaly Is Associated with Low Regulatory and Th2 Responses to Schistosome Antigens in Childhood Schistosomiasis and Malaria Coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Shona","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph K.","family":"Mwatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gachuhi","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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