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Considering the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of transforming growth factor \u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) and its potential to enhance immunity against protozoan parasites, we examined the effects of intraperitoneally delivered TGF-\u03b21 in C57BL\/6 mice infected with<jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic>, the hemoprotozoan parasite causing nagana in cattle. A triple dose of 10 ng TGF-\u03b21 significantly reduced the first parasitemic peak and delayed mortality of infected mice. Furthermore, exogenous TGF-\u03b21 significantly decreased the development of trypanosome-induced anemia and splenomegaly. The apparent TGF-\u03b21-induced antitrypanosome protection, occurring mainly during the early stage of infection, correlated with an enhanced parasite antigen-specific Th1 cell response characterized by a skewed type I cytokine response and a concomitant stronger antitrypanosome immunoglobulin G2a antibody response. Infected TGF-\u03b21-pretreated mice exhibited a significant reduction in the trypanosome-induced hyperexpansion of B cells. Furthermore, evidence is provided herein that exogenous TGF-\u03b21 activates macrophages that may contribute to parasite control. Collectively, these data indicate that exogenous TGF-\u03b21 is immunostimulative, inducing partial protection against<jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>infection, possibly through mechanisms involving innate immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01452-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]],"date-time":"2007-02-02T17:24:59Z","timestamp":1170437099000},"page":"1878-1885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Exogenous Transforming Growth Factor \u03b2 on<i>Trypanosoma congolense<\/i>Infection in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Boniface","family":"Namangala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1066","volume":"155","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bellone, G., M. 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