{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:18:10Z","timestamp":1790997490302,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the specific role of transmembrane tumor necrosis factor (tmTNF) in protective and pathological responses against the gastrointestinal helminth<jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>, we compared the immune responses of TNF-\u03b1\/lymphotoxin alpha (LT\u03b1)<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice expressing noncleavable transgenic tmTNF to those of TNF-\u03b1\/LT\u03b1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>and wild-type mice. The susceptibility of TNF-\u03b1\/LT\u03b1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice to<jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>infection was associated with impaired induction of a protective Th2 response and the lack of mucosal mastocytosis. Although tmTNF-expressing transgenic (tmTNF-tg) mice also had a reduced Th2 response, the mast cell response was greater than that observed in TNF-\u03b1\/LT\u03b1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice and was sufficient to induce the expulsion of the parasite.<jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>infection of tmTNF-tg mice resulted in significant intestinal pathology characterized by villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia comparable to that induced following the infection of wild-type mice, while pathology in TNF-\u03b1\/LT\u03b1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice was significantly reduced. Our data thus indicate a role for tmTNF in host defense against gastrointestinal helminths and in the accompanying enteropathy. Furthermore, they also demonstrate that TNF-\u03b1 is required for the induction of Th2 immune responses related to infection with gastrointestinal helminth parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01461-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]],"date-time":"2009-06-30T00:59:38Z","timestamp":1246323578000},"page":"3879-3885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Transmembrane Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Is Required for Enteropathy and Is Sufficient To Promote Parasite Expulsion in Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"M. X.","family":"Ierna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SIPBS, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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