{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:07:13Z","timestamp":1791295633467,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Shigellosis, a potentially severe bacillary dysentery, is an infectious gastrointestinal disease caused by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            invades the human colonic epithelium and avoids clearance by promoting apoptosis of resident immune cells in the gut. This process is dependent on the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            type III secretion system (T3SS), which injects effector proteins into target cells to alter their normal cellular functions. Invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD) is a structural component that forms a complex at the tip of the T3SS apparatus needle. Recently, IpaD has also been shown to indirectly induce apoptosis in B lymphocytes. In this study, we explored the cytotoxicity profile during macrophage infection by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            and discovered that the pathogen induces macrophage cell death independent of caspase-1. Our results demonstrate that IpaD triggers apoptosis in macrophages through activation of host caspases accompanied by mitochondrial disruption. Additionally, we found that the IpaD N-terminal domain is necessary for macrophage killing and SipD, a structural homologue from\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            , was found to promote similar cytotoxicity. Together, these findings indicate that IpaD is a contributing factor to macrophage cell death during\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01483-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]],"date-time":"2016-04-12T03:23:49Z","timestamp":1460431429000},"page":"1857-1865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Macrophage Apoptosis Triggered by IpaD from Shigella flexneri"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Olivia","family":"Arizmendi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Picking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy L.","family":"Picking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Infectious diseases related to travel. 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