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We examined the role of VCAM-1\/\u03b14\u03b21 integrin interaction in T cell recruitment to prevent reactivation of the infection in the brain. SCID mice were infected and treated with sulfadiazine to establish a chronic infection. VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were the endothelial adhesion molecules detected on cerebral vessels of the infected SCID and wild-type animals. Immune T cells from infected wild-type mice were treated with anti-\u03b14 integrin or control antibodies and transferred into infected SCID or nude mice, and the animals received the same antibody every other day. Three days later, sulfadiazine was discontinued to initiate reactivation of infection. Expression of mRNAs for CD3\u03b4, CD4, CD8\u03b2, gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) (an effector molecule to inhibit<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>growth) and the numbers of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells in the brain were significantly less in mice treated with anti-\u03b14 integrin antibody than in those treated with control antibody at 3 days after sulfadiazine discontinuation. At 6 days after sulfadiazine discontinuation, cerebral tachyzoite-specific SAG1 mRNA levels and numbers of inflammatory foci associated with tachyzoites were markedly greater in anti-\u03b14 integrin antibody-treated than in control antibody-treated animals, even though IFN-\u03b3 and NOS2 mRNA levels were higher in the former than in the latter. These results indicate that VCAM-1\/\u03b14\u03b21 integrin interaction is crucial for prompt recruitment of immune T cells and induction of IFN-\u03b3-mediated protective immune responses during the early stage of reactivation of chronic<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>infection to control tachyzoite growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01494-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T02:51:20Z","timestamp":1398135080000},"page":"2826-2839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["VCAM-1\/\u03b14\u03b21 Integrin Interaction Is Crucial for Prompt Recruitment of Immune T Cells into the Brain during the Early Stage of Reactivation of Chronic Infection with Toxoplasma gondii To Prevent Toxoplasmic Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Qila","family":"Sa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Ochiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Sengoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Brogli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Crutcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Michie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baohui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xisheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"2090","volume-title":"Principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"McCabe RE","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCabeRERemingtonJS. 1990. 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