{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:28:53Z","timestamp":1787016533275,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The protozoan parasite\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia lamblia<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ) is one of the most commonly found intestinal pathogens in mammals, including humans. In the current study, a\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia muris<\/jats:named-content>\n                    -mouse model was used to analyze cytokine transcription patterns and histological changes in intestinal tissue at different time points during infection in C57BL\/6 mice. Since earlier work revealed the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n                    -infected calves, a second aim was to investigate the potential activation of PPARs in the intestines of infected mice. The most important observation in all mice was a strong upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>il17a<\/jats:italic>\n                    starting around 1 week postinfection. The significance of interleukin 17A (IL-17A) in orchestrating a protective immune response was further demonstrated in an infection trial or experiment using IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) knockout (KO) mice: whereas in wild-type (WT) mice, cyst secretion dropped significantly after 3 weeks of infection, the IL-17RA KO mice were unable to clear the infection. Analysis of the intestinal response further indicated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR\u03b1) induction soon after the initial contact with the parasite, as characterized by the transcriptional upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>ppara<\/jats:italic>\n                    itself and several downstream target genes such as\n                    <jats:italic>pltp<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>cpt1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Overall, PPAR\u03b1 did not seem to have any influence on the immune response against\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">G. muris<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , since PPAR\u03b1 KO animals expressed\n                    <jats:italic>il-17a<\/jats:italic>\n                    and could clear the infection similar to WT controls. In conclusion, this study shows for the first time the importance of IL-17 production in the clearance of a\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">G. muris<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection together with an early induction of PPAR\u03b1. The effect of the latter, however, is still unclear.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01536-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]],"date-time":"2014-05-28T02:43:50Z","timestamp":1401245030000},"page":"3333-3340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Giardia muris Infection in Mice Is Associated with a Protective Interleukin 17A Response and Induction of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Leentje","family":"Dreesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolien","family":"De Bosscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression &amp; Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grietje","family":"Grit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Staels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lille 2, INSERM U1011, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Lubberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Bauge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lille 2, INSERM U1011, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Geldhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70260-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. 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