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Intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of mice represents an experimental approach used to study the contributions of bacterial capsular polysaccharide I (CPS I) to virulence during acute disease. We used aerosol delivery of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>to establish respiratory infection in mice and studied CPS I in the context of innate immune responses. CPS I improved<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>survival<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and triggered multiple cytokine responses, neutrophil infiltration, and acute inflammatory histopathology in the spleen, liver, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, and olfactory mucosa (OM). To further explore the role of the OM response to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>infection, we infected human olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs)<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and measured bacterial invasion and the cytokine responses induced following infection. Human OECs killed &gt;90% of the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>in a CPS I-independent manner and exhibited an antibacterial cytokine response comprising granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and several regulatory cytokines. In-depth genome-wide transcriptomic profiling of the OEC response by RNA-Seq revealed a network of signaling pathways activated in OECs following infection involving a novel group of 378 genes that encode biological pathways controlling cellular movement, inflammation, immunological disease, and molecular transport. This represents the first antimicrobial program to be described in human OECs and establishes the extensive transcriptional defense network accessible in these cells. Collectively, these findings show a role for CPS I in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>survival<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>following inhalation infection and the antibacterial signaling network that exists in human OM and OECs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01546-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,19]],"date-time":"2016-04-19T03:13:41Z","timestamp":1461035621000},"page":"1941-1956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Burkholderia pseudomallei Capsule Exacerbates Respiratory Melioidosis but Does Not Afford Protection against Antimicrobial Signaling or Bacterial Killing in Human Olfactory Ensheathing Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Dando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak S.","family":"Ipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Batzloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"Crossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heflin Center for Human Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heflin Center for Human Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie Y.","family":"Leclercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia"},{"name":"Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny A. 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