{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:21:12Z","timestamp":1791354072165,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>\n            is a tick-borne red blood cell parasite that causes babesiosis in people. Its most common vertebrate reservoir is the white-footed mouse. To determine whether\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            invades reticulocytes, as does the canine pathogen\n            <jats:italic>B. gibsoni<\/jats:italic>\n            , we infected the susceptible inbred mouse strains C.B-17.scid and DBA\/2 with a clinical isolate of\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            . Staining of fixed permeabilized red blood cells with 4\u2032,6\u2032-diamidino-2-phenylindole or YOYO-1, a sensitive nucleic acid stain, revealed parasite nuclei as large bright dots. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that parasite DNA is primarily found in mature erythrocytes that expressed\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            antigens but not the transferrin receptor CD71. In contrast, CD71-positive reticulocytes rarely contained\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            nuclei and failed to express\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            antigens. Accordingly, the frequency of YOYO-1-positive, CD71-negative cells strongly correlated with parasitemia, defined as the frequency of infected red blood cells assessed on Giemsa-stained blood smears. Importantly, the absolute numbers generated by the two techniques were similar. Parasitemia was modest and transient in DBA\/2 mice but intense and sustained in C.B-17.scid mice. In both strains, parasitemia preceded reticulocytosis, but reticulocytes remained refractory to\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            . In immunocompetent C.B-17 mice, reticulocytosis developed early, despite a marginal and short-lived parasitemia. Likewise, an early reticulocytosis developed in resistant BALB\/cBy and B10.D2 mice. These studies establish that\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            has a tropism for mature erythrocytes. Although reticulocytes are rarely infected, the delayed reticulocytosis in susceptible strains may result from parasite or host activities to limit renewal of the mature erythrocyte pool, thereby preventing an overwhelming parasitemia.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01560-05","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,19]],"date-time":"2006-05-19T23:52:41Z","timestamp":1148082761000},"page":"3204-3212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["<i>Babesia microti<\/i>\n            Primarily Invades Mature Erythrocytes in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Ingo","family":"Borggraefe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Sam R.","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rouette","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Laboratory, Tufts-New England Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohela","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Spielman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Gelfand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry H.","family":"Wortis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edouard","family":"Vannier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00035-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"169","volume":"1","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dammin, G. J. 1978. Babesiosis, p. 169-199. In L. Weinstein and B. N. Fields (ed.), Seminars in infectious disease, vol. 1. Stratton International Medical Book Corporation, New York, N.Y.","journal-title":"Seminars in infectious disease"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3395-3397.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-394R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0807.010459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283793"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"3209","volume":"2","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gelfand, J. A., and E. Vannier. 2005. Babesia species, p. 3209-3215. In G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin (ed.), Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases, 6th ed., vol. 2. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, Pa.","journal-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1259-1263.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.020748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.66.389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2431-2436.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00380515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803235002272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"61","volume":"53","year":"2004","unstructured":"Karbowiak, G. 2004. Zoonotic reservoir of Babesia microti in Poland. Pol. J. Microbiol.53(Suppl.):61-65.","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00137-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(03)00092-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153036603765627451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"435","volume":"48","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meer-Scherrer, L., M. Adelson, E. Mordechai, B. Lottaz, and R. Tilton. 2004. Babesia microti infection in Europe. Curr. Microbiol.48:435-437.","journal-title":"Curr. 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