{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:00:58Z","timestamp":1790413258569,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Interleukin-17A (IL-17A)-producing CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T helper (Th17) cells have been shown to be essential for defense against pulmonary infection with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coccidioides<\/jats:named-content>\n            species. However, we have just begun to identify the required pattern recognition receptors and understand the signal pathways that lead to Th17 cell activation after fungal infection. We previously reported that\n            <jats:italic>Card9<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice vaccinated with formalin-killed spherules failed to acquire resistance to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coccidioides<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection. Here, we report that both\n            <jats:italic>MyD88<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Card9<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice immunized with a live, attenuated vaccine also fail to acquire protective immunity to this respiratory disease. Like\n            <jats:italic>Card9<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice, vaccinated\n            <jats:italic>MyD88<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice revealed a significant reduction in numbers of both Th17 and Th1 cells in their lungs after\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coccidioides<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection. Both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1r1) upstream of MyD88 have been implicated in Th17 cell differentiation. Surprisingly, vaccinated\n            <jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            and wild-type (WT) mice showed similar outcomes after pulmonary infection with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coccidioides<\/jats:named-content>\n            , while vaccinated\n            <jats:italic>IL-1r1<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice revealed a significant reduction in the number of Th17 cells in their infected lungs compared to WT mice. Thus, activation of both IL-1r1\/MyD88- and Card9-mediated Th17 immunity is essential for protection against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coccidioides<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection. Our data also reveal that the numbers of Th17 cells were reduced in\n            <jats:italic>IL-1r1<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice to a lesser extent than in\n            <jats:italic>MyD88<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice, raising the possibility that other TLRs are involved in MyD88-dependent Th17 immunity to coccidioidomycosis. An antimicrobial action of Th17 cells is to promote early recruitment of neutrophils to infection sites. Our data revealed that neutrophils are required for vaccine immunity to this respiratory disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01579-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]],"date-time":"2014-03-11T01:23:35Z","timestamp":1394501015000},"page":"2106-2114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Interleukin-1 Receptor but Not Toll-Like Receptor 2 Is Essential for MyD88-Dependent Th17 Immunity to Coccidioides Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Chiung-Yu","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Pilar","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Alzate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"W\u00fcthrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce S.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garry T.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3761847"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"217","article-title":"Increase in reported coccidioidomycosis\u2014United States, 1998\u20132011","volume":"62","author":"Frieden TR","year":"2013","unstructured":"FriedenTRJaffeHWStephensJWCardoJMZazaS. 2013. 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