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While<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:named-content>was once regarded as innocuous, its high frequency as a cause of disseminated disease in HIV-positive individuals illustrated its potential as a pathogen. Much more recently, there is growing evidence that the incidence of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. avium<\/jats:named-content>and related nontuberculous species is increasing in immunocompetent individuals. The same has been observed for<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. abscessus<\/jats:named-content>infections, which are very difficult to treat; accordingly, this review focuses primarily on these two important pathogens. 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