{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T03:13:32Z","timestamp":1768014812250,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Several animal models exist to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of candidate\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            vaccines. The two most widely used nonprimate models for vaccine development include a murine pulmonary challenge model and a guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model. Nonhuman primate models exhibit clinical features and gross and microscopic colonic lesions that mimic those induced in human shigellosis. Challenge models for enterotoxigenic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            (ETEC) and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Campylobacter<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. have been successfully developed with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aotus nancymaae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and the addition of a\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella-Aotus<\/jats:named-content>\n            challenge model would facilitate the testing of combination vaccines. A series of experiments were designed to identify the dose of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella flexneri<\/jats:named-content>\n            2a strain 2457T that induces an attack rate of 75% in the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aotus<\/jats:named-content>\n            monkey. After primary challenge, the dose required to induce an attack rate of 75% was calculated to be 1 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            -specific immune responses were low after primary challenge and subsequently boosted upon rechallenge. However, preexisting immunity derived from the primary challenge was insufficient to protect against the homologous\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            serotype. A successive study in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. nancymaae<\/jats:named-content>\n            evaluated the ability of multiple oral immunizations with live-attenuated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            vaccine strain SC602 to protect against challenge. After three oral immunizations, animals were challenged with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. flexneri<\/jats:named-content>\n            2a 2457T. A 70% attack rate was demonstrated in control animals, whereas animals immunized with vaccine strain SC602 were protected from challenge (efficacy of 80%;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.05). The overall study results indicate that the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella-Aotus nancymaae<\/jats:named-content>\n            challenge model may be a valuable tool for evaluating vaccine efficacy and investigating immune correlates of protection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01665-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]],"date-time":"2014-03-05T04:44:48Z","timestamp":1393994688000},"page":"2027-2036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development of an Aotus nancymaae Model for Shigella Vaccine Immunogenicity and Efficacy Studies"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Gregory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Lugo-Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Galvez Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drake Hamilton","family":"Tilley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Baldeviano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathanael D.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Ranallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akamol E.","family":"Suvarnapunya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malabi M.","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin V.","family":"Oaks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"651","article-title":"Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies","volume":"77","author":"Kotloff KL","year":"1999","unstructured":"KotloffKLWinickoffJPIvanoffBClemensJDSwerdlowDLSansonettiPJAdakGKLevineMM. 1999. 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