{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:17:15Z","timestamp":1761862635659},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We tested the hypothesis that helminth parasite coinfection would intensify viremia and accelerate disease progression in monkeys chronically infected with an R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade C envelope. Fifteen rhesus monkeys with stable SHIV-1157ip infection were enrolled into a prospective, randomized trial. These seropositive animals had undetectable viral RNA and no signs of immunodeficiency. Seven animals served as virus-only controls; eight animals were exposed to\n            <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n            cercariae. From week 5 after parasite exposure onward, coinfected animals shed eggs in their feces, developed eosinophilia, and had significantly higher mRNA expression of the T-helper type 2 cytokine interleukin-4 (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.001) than animals without schistosomiasis. Compared to virus-only controls, viral replication was significantly increased in coinfected monkeys (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.012), and the percentage of their CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            CD29\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            memory cells decreased over time (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.05). Thus,\n            <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n            coinfection significantly increased viral replication and induced T-cell subset alterations in monkeys with chronic SHIV clade C infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01703-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,6]],"date-time":"2007-02-06T01:36:04Z","timestamp":1170725764000},"page":"1751-1756","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Coinfection with\n            <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n            Reactivates Viremia in Rhesus Macaques with Chronic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clade C Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Mila","family":"Ayash-Rashkovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agne\u0300s-Laurence","family":"Chenine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa N.","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruijiang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Hofmann-Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zu\u0308rich, Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Else","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Augostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold M.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. 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