{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T15:26:43Z","timestamp":1794324403836,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is an obligate intracellular parasite of clinical importance, especially in immunocompromised patients. Investigations into the immune response to the parasite found that T cells are the primary effector cells regulating gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3)-mediated host resistance. However, recent studies have revealed a critical role for the innate immune system in mediating host defense independently of the T cell responses to the parasite. This body of knowledge is put into perspective by the unifying theme that immunity to the protozoan parasite requires a strong IFN-\u03b3 host response. In the following review, we discuss the role of IFN-\u03b3-producing cells and the signals that regulate IFN-\u03b3 production during\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01722-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]],"date-time":"2014-05-28T02:43:50Z","timestamp":1401245030000},"page":"3090-3097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Complex Immune Cell Interplay in the Gamma Interferon Response during Toxoplasma gondii Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Carolyn R.","family":"Sturge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Yarovinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.1.175","article-title":"Simultaneous depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes is required to reactivate chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"149","author":"Gazzinelli R","year":"1992","unstructured":"GazzinelliRXuYHienySCheeverASherA. 1992. Simultaneous depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes is required to reactivate chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J. Immunol. 149:175\u2013180.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011549108"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.12.5997"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109893"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706663105"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3128869"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4045","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.9.4045","article-title":"In the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma, mice develop unimpaired IL-12 responses to Toxoplasma gondii while failing to control acute infection","volume":"157","author":"Scharton-Kersten TM","year":"1996","unstructured":"Scharton-KerstenTMWynnTADenkersEYBalaSGrunvaldEHienySGazzinelliRTSherA. 1996. In the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma, mice develop unimpaired IL-12 responses to Toxoplasma gondii while failing to control acute infection. J. Immunol. 157:4045\u20134054.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.7.1083"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.13.6115"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.1639-1642.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00278-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.11.3943","article-title":"Dual regulation of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii infection by Lyt-2+ and Lyt-1+, L3T4+ T cells in mice","volume":"140","author":"Suzuki Y","year":"1988","unstructured":"SuzukiYRemingtonJS. 1988. Dual regulation of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii infection by Lyt-2+ and Lyt-1+, L3T4+ T cells in mice. J. Immunol. 140:3943\u20133946.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.7.2818-2824.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.2920-2927.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003706"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.7.1261"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"518","article-title":"A role for interferon-gamma in the hypermetabolic response to murine toxoplasmosis","volume":"12","author":"Arsenijevic D","year":"2001","unstructured":"ArsenijevicDBilbaoFDGiannakopoulosPGirardierLSamecSRichardD. 2001. A role for interferon-gamma in the hypermetabolic response to murine toxoplasmosis. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 12:518\u2013527.","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.3.908"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.6.2277-2284.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir621"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3598"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01291-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.4913-4921.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.10.3600","article-title":"Induction of antigen-specific parasiticidal cytotoxic T cell splenocytes by a major membrane protein (P30) of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"141","author":"Khan IA","year":"1988","unstructured":"KhanIASmithKAKasperLH. 1988. Induction of antigen-specific parasiticidal cytotoxic T cell splenocytes by a major membrane protein (P30) of Toxoplasma gondii. J. Immunol. 141:3600\u20133605.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.5.1493","article-title":"Antigen-specific (p30) mouse CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic against Toxoplasma gondii-infected peritoneal macrophages","volume":"148","author":"Kasper LH","year":"1992","unstructured":"KasperLHKhanIAElyKHBuelowRBoothroydJC. 1992. Antigen-specific (p30) mouse CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic against Toxoplasma gondii-infected peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol. 148:1493\u20131498.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.7.2310","article-title":"CD8+ T cells from mice vaccinated against Toxoplasma gondii are cytotoxic for parasite-infected or antigen-pulsed host cells","volume":"147","author":"Hakim FT","year":"1991","unstructured":"HakimFTGazzinelliRTDenkersEHienySShearerGMSherA. 1991. CD8+ T cells from mice vaccinated against Toxoplasma gondii are cytotoxic for parasite-infected or antigen-pulsed host cells. J. Immunol. 147:2310\u20132316.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.10.3438","article-title":"Class I MHC genes and CD8+ T cells determine cyst number in Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"145","author":"Brown CR","year":"1990","unstructured":"BrownCRMcLeodR. 1990. Class I MHC genes and CD8+ T cells determine cyst number in Toxoplasma gondii infection. J. Immunol. 145:3438\u20133441.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.10.4649","article-title":"MHC class I gene(s) in the D\/L region but not the TNF-alpha gene determines development of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice","volume":"153","author":"Suzuki Y","year":"1994","unstructured":"SuzukiYJohKKwonOCYangQConleyFKRemingtonJS. 1994. MHC class I gene(s) in the D\/L region but not the TNF-alpha gene determines development of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice. J. Immunol. 153:4649\u20134654.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","first-page":"419","article-title":"Definitive identification of a gene that confers resistance against Toxoplasma cyst burden and encephalitis","volume":"85","author":"Brown CR","year":"1995","unstructured":"BrownCRHunterCAEstesRGBeckmannEFormanJDavidCRemingtonJSMcLeodR. 1995. Definitive identification of a gene that confers resistance against Toxoplasma cyst burden and encephalitis. Immunology 85:419\u2013428.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2005.25.338"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1629"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","first-page":"527","article-title":"Identification of T cell epitopes within a 23-kD antigen (P24) of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"84","author":"Duquesne V","year":"1991","unstructured":"DuquesneVAuriaultCGras-MasseHBoutillonCDarcyFCesbron-DelauwMFTartarACapronA. 1991. Identification of T cell epitopes within a 23-kD antigen (P24) of Toxoplasma gondii. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 84:527\u2013534.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.6.1975","article-title":"Human T cell clone identifies a potentially protective 54-kDa protein antigen of Toxoplasma gondii cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli","volume":"147","author":"Saavedra R","year":"1991","unstructured":"SaavedraRde MeuterFDecourtJLHerionP. 1991. Human T cell clone identifies a potentially protective 54-kDa protein antigen of Toxoplasma gondii cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. J. Immunol. 147:1975\u20131982.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.1.24-29.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000815"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.38-45.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003449"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.4.1903","article-title":"Perforin-mediated cytolysis plays a limited role in host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"159","author":"Denkers EY","year":"1997","unstructured":"DenkersEYYapGScharton-KerstenTCharestHButcherBACasparPHeinySSherA. 1997. Perforin-mediated cytolysis plays a limited role in host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. J. Immunol. 159:1903\u20131908.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.8.4432-4438.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090825"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2006.0154"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399411002018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3982","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.9.3982","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii induces a T-independent IFN-gamma response in natural killer cells that requires both adherent accessory cells and tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"150","author":"Sher A","year":"1993","unstructured":"SherAOswaldIPHienySGazzinelliRT. 1993. Toxoplasma gondii induces a T-independent IFN-gamma response in natural killer cells that requires both adherent accessory cells and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Immunol. 150:3982\u20133989.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.5.1465"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301301"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307868110"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220272110"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05730-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.8.4898-4905.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"Exacerbation of toxoplasmosis in neutrophil-depleted mice","volume":"15","author":"Sayles PC","year":"1996","unstructured":"SaylesPCJohnsonLL. 1996. Exacerbation of toxoplasmosis in neutrophil-depleted mice. Nat. Immun. 15:249\u2013258.","journal-title":"Nat. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.5.2399","article-title":"Selective expression of Ly-6G on myeloid lineage cells in mouse bone marrow. RB6\u20138C5 mAb to granulocyte-differentiation antigen (Gr-1) detects members of the Ly-6 family","volume":"151","author":"Fleming TJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"FlemingTJFlemingMLMalekTR. 1993. Selective expression of Ly-6G on myeloid lineage cells in mouse bone marrow. RB6\u20138C5 mAb to granulocyte-differentiation antigen (Gr-1) detects members of the Ly-6 family. J. Immunol. 151:2399\u20132408.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050054"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.11.6503"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00472-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-139634"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-06-221630"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-07-100750"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.5935"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.6229"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Role of TNF and IL-1 in infections with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"69","author":"Chang HR","year":"1990","unstructured":"ChangHRGrauGEPechereJC. 1990. Role of TNF and IL-1 in infections with Toxoplasma gondii. Immunology 69:33\u201337.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.9.4347","article-title":"IL-1 beta is required for IL-12 to induce production of IFN-gamma by NK cells. A role for IL-1 beta in the T cell-independent mechanism of resistance against intracellular pathogens","volume":"155","author":"Hunter CA","year":"1995","unstructured":"HunterCAChizzoniteRRemingtonJS. 1995. IL-1 beta is required for IL-12 to induce production of IFN-gamma by NK cells. A role for IL-1 beta in the T cell-independent mechanism of resistance against intracellular pathogens. J. Immunol. 155:4347\u20134354.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0076"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24959"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1297"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200612056"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001071"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.171025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502272102"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01170-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01117-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2508"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01722-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01722-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T14:40:47Z","timestamp":1689259247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.01722-14"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"H. L.","family":"Andrews-Polymenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01722-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01722-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-07-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}