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Parasite numbers exceed 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    trophozoites per centimeter of gut at the height of an infection. Yet the intestinal mucosa of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">G. duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    -infected individuals is devoid of signs of overt inflammation.\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">G. duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infections can also occur concurrently with infections with other proinflammatory gastrointestinal pathogens. Little is known of whether and how this parasite can attenuate host inflammatory responses induced by other proinflammatory stimuli, such as a gastrointestinal pathogen. Identifying hitherto-unrecognized parasitic immunomodulatory pathways, the present studies demonstrated that\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">G. duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    trophozoites attenuate secretion of the potent neutrophil chemoattractant interleukin-8 (CXCL8); these effects were observed in human small intestinal mucosal tissues and from intestinal epithelial monolayers, activated through administration of proinflammatory interleukin-1\u03b2 or\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n                    serovar Typhimurium. This attenuation is caused by the secretion of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">G. duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    cathepsin B cysteine proteases that degrade CXCL8 posttranscriptionally. Furthermore, the degradation of CXCL8 via\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">G. duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    cathepsin B cysteine proteases attenuates CXCL8-induced chemotaxis of human neutrophils. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">G. duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    trophozoite cathepsins are capable of attenuating a component of their host's proinflammatory response induced by a separate proinflammatory stimulus.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01771-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,14]],"date-time":"2014-04-14T23:38:32Z","timestamp":1397518712000},"page":"2772-2787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Giardia duodenalis Cathepsin B Proteases Degrade Intestinal Epithelial Interleukin-8 and Attenuate Interleukin-8-Induced Neutrophil Chemotaxis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"James A.","family":"Cotton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of 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