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We observed that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brucella melitensis<\/jats:named-content>is able to persist for several weeks in the blood of intraperitoneally infected mice and that transferred blood at any time point tested is able to induce infection in naive recipient mice. Bacterial persistence in the blood is dramatically impaired by specific antibodies induced following<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brucella<\/jats:named-content>vaccination. In contrast to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bartonella<\/jats:named-content>, the type IV secretion system and flagellar expression are not critically required for the persistence of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brucella<\/jats:named-content>in blood. ImageStream analysis of blood cells showed that following a brief extracellular phase,<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brucella<\/jats:named-content>is associated mainly with the erythrocytes. Examination by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy formally demonstrated that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. melitensis<\/jats:named-content>is able to invade erythrocytes<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The bacteria do not seem to multiply in erythrocytes and are found free in the cytoplasm. Our results open up new areas for investigation and should serve in the development of novel strategies for the treatment or prophylaxis of brucellosis. Invasion of erythrocytes could potentially protect the bacterial cells from the host's immune response and hamper antibiotic treatment and suggests possible<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brucella<\/jats:named-content>transmission by bloodsucking insects in nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01779-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]],"date-time":"2014-07-08T02:41:30Z","timestamp":1404787290000},"page":"3927-3938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Brucella melitensis Invades Murine Erythrocytes during Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Marie-Alice","family":"Vitry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, 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