{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:32:28Z","timestamp":1788294748312,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>, little is known about the virulence of the molecular types in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:named-content>. We compared<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>virulence factor production and survival data using a<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Drosophila<\/jats:named-content>model of infection to further characterize the phenotypic features of different cryptococcal molecular types. Forty-nine different isolates were inoculated into wild-type flies and followed for survival.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, isolates were assessed for growth at 30 and 37\u00b0C, melanin production, capsule size, resistance to H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and antifungal susceptibility. A mediator model was used to assess molecular type and virulence characteristics as predictors of survival in the fly model. VGIII was the most virulent molecular type in flies (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). At 30\u00b0C, VGIII isolates grew most rapidly; at 37\u00b0C, VNI isolates grew best.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. gattii<\/jats:named-content>capsules were larger than those of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). Mediator model analysis found a strong correlation of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Drosophila<\/jats:named-content>survival with molecular type and with growth at 30\u00b0C. We found molecular-type-specific differences in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. gattii<\/jats:named-content>in growth at different temperatures, melanin production, capsule size, ability to resist hydrogen peroxide, and antifungal susceptibility, while growth at 30\u00b0C and the VGIII molecular type were strongly associated with virulence in a<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Drosophila<\/jats:named-content>model of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01805-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T03:34:01Z","timestamp":1399347241000},"page":"3058-3065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Phenotypic Differences of Cryptococcus Molecular Types and Their Implications for Virulence in a Drosophila Model of Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"suffix":"III","given":"George R.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Hodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machelle D.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J.","family":"Bays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Firacative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieland","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios P.","family":"Kontoyiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.2.155.168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.7.1642-1644.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005851"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1910.130441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03222.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"IDWeek: Jt. 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